Abstract: In some instances, a method is provided. The method comprises: receiving, by a pre-certification authorization system (PCAS), treatment information indicating a medical treatment for a patient, wherein the treatment information is associated with a pre-certification request for the patient; determining, by the PCAS, whether to provide pre-certification approval for the medical treatment for the patient based on using a plurality of approval processors to determine at least two results, wherein the plurality of approval processors comprises a user feedback processor configured to generate a first result of the at least two results, and at least one autonomous processor configured to generate one or more second results of the at least two results, wherein the user feedback processor generates the first result based on user feedback from a user device.

Abstract: A mobile payment system (MPS) is disclosed that enables transactions for MPS users using user devices, and interfaces with third party payment systems with third party user accounts. The MPS includes MPS frontends, third party MPS accounts, and a MPS backend including a MPS backend account, a MPS database and MPS user accounts. Each MPS frontend is located on one user device and is associated with one MPS user. At least one of the third party MPS accounts is on each third party payment system. Each MPS user account is associated with at least one MPS user. A particular MPS frontend performs local processing of MPS functions on its user device and communicates over networks with the MPS backend and with other MPS frontends on other user devices. The MPS backend administers funds in the MPS backend account, the MPS user accounts, and the third party MPS accounts.

Abstract: Modification formats having modified nucleotides are provided for siRNA. Short interfering RNA having modification formats and modified nucleotides provided herein reduce off-target effects in RNA interference of endogenous genes. Further modification formatted siRNAs are demonstrated to be stabilized to nuclease-rich environments. Unexpectedly, increasing or maintaining strand bias, while necessary to maintain potency for endogenous RNA interference, is not sufficient for reducing off-target effects in cell biology assays.

Abstract: Modification formats having modified nucleotides are provided for siRNA. Short interfering RNA having modification formats and modified nucleotides provided herein reduce off-target effects in RNA interference of endogenous genes. Further modification formatted siRNAs are demonstrated to be stabilized to nuclease-rich environments. Unexpectedly, increasing or maintaining strand bias, while necessary to maintain potency for endogenous RNA interference, is not sufficient for reducing off-target effects in cell biology assays.

Abstract: Modification formats having modified nucleotides are provided for siRNA. Short interfering RNA having modification formats and modified nucleotides provided herein reduce off-target effects in RNA interference of endogenous genes. Further modification formatted siRNAs are demonstrated to be stabilized to nuclease-rich environments. Unexpectedly, increasing or maintaining strand bias, while necessary to maintain potency for endogenous RNA interference, is not sufficient for reducing off-target effects in cell biology assays.

Abstract: Modification formats having modified nucleotides are provided for siRNA. Short interfering RNA having modification formats and modified nucleotides provided herein reduce off-target effects in RNA interference of endogenous genes. Further modification formatted siRNAs are demonstrated to be stabilized to nuclease-rich environments. Unexpectedly, increasing or maintaining strand bias, while necessary to maintain potency for endogenous RNA interference, is not sufficient for reducing off-target effects in cell biology assays.