Abstract: Apparatus forming an arc-free hybrid relay having an air gap when in the off state. The apparatus comprises a first relay coupled to a second relay, and having a semiconductor switch arranged to temporarily shunt current around the second relay.

Abstract: A storage system configured for use with an energy management system is provided herein and comprises a rechargeable battery, a grid detection circuit operably connected to the rechargeable battery such that when an AC power source is not detected by the grid detection circuit and a voltage at the rechargeable battery falls below a threshold voltage, the grid detection circuit places the rechargeable battery into a sleep mode, and a switch operably connected to the grid detection circuit and configured to override the grid detection circuit so that rechargeable battery exits the sleep mode until a voltage at the rechargeable battery is equal to or greater than a predetermined voltage.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage system. For example, an energy storage system comprises a controller configured to reduce output voltage of an AC battery of the energy storage system during off-grid operation and provide a power to a load based on a reduced output voltage.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage system. For example, an energy storage system comprises a printed circuit board assembly configured to connect to a chassis of the energy storage system and a battery cell comprising a connecting/disconnecting device configured to engage a corresponding connecting/disconnecting device on the printed circuit board assembly for providing at least one of electrical interconnection, routing, voltage sensing, or temperature sensing.

Abstract: A storage system configured for use with an energy management system is provided and includes an AC rechargeable battery and a power converter operably coupled to the AC rechargeable battery and configured to calculate an estimate of state-of-charge of the AC rechargeable battery based on at least one of DC impedance of the AC rechargeable battery or AC impedance of the AC rechargeable battery that are measured in real time operation is used to calculate resistance and capacitance values for an equivalent circuit model that in conjunction with previously measured voltage and current are input to an extended kalman filter (EKF). Time consuming testing of the equivalent circuit model in advance is therefore eliminated.

Abstract: A storage system configured for use with an energy management system is provided and includes a battery having a plurality of cells and a propagation barrier comprising a first set of slabs, phase change material, an opening positioned adjacent the phase change material, a second set of slabs positioned between the first set of slabs and configured such that as temperature of an initiating cell increases, the phase change material absorbs energy and melts so that a previous volume occupied by the phase change material is replaced with air to create high temperature gradient that reduces adjacent cell temperature rise.

Abstract: A storage system configured for use with an energy management system is provided and includes a plurality of single-phase AC coupled batteries or three-phase AC coupled batteries and a controller configured to determine a time remaining before each battery of the plurality of single-phase AC coupled batteries or the three-phase AC coupled batteries is depleted for power balancing the plurality of single-phase AC coupled batteries or the three-phase AC coupled batteries.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage system. For example, an energy storage system comprises a chassis and a printed circuit board assembly connected to the chassis and comprising a connecting/disconnecting device configured to connect to a corresponding connecting/disconnecting device on the battery cell for enabling connection of the battery cell to the chassis.

Abstract: A method for predicting transient response of a closed loop apparatus includes the steps of: (a) providing a first reference tool that relates load-free impedance response with a first design gain-phase variable; (b) providing a second reference tool that relates load-free impedance response with a second design gain-phase variable; (c) determining a combined impedance response as a function of frequency; (d) employing at least one of the first and second reference tool to establish a first design value for one of the phase variable and the design load impedance at a characteristic frequency that occurs at a peak value of the combined impedance response; (e) employing at least one of the first and second reference tool to establish a second design value for the other parameter of the phase variable and the design load impedance at the characteristic frequency; (f) establishing a transient multiplier as a function of frequency associated with the output voltage with the design load impedance for selected value

Abstract: A method for predicting stability of a closed loop apparatus is disclosed. The closed loop apparatus has an open loop impedance and at least one inherent internal gain. The method comprises the steps of: (a) identifying an impedance scaling factor associated with the closed loop apparatus that may be expressed in terms including the open loop impedance, the at least one inherent internal gain, a gain variable and a phase variable; (b) vectorally establishing a first scaling value for the impedance scaling factor as a function of frequency while maintaining a first variable of the gain variable and the phase variable at a first working value to record the first scaling value for a plurality of frequencies.

Abstract: A method for determining the effect of load impedance on the magnitude and phase of loop gain of a power converter apparatus to aid in predicting stability of the converter apparatus under various operating conditions. The converter apparatus has an open-loop output impedance and provides an output signal to an output locus.