Abstract: For decoding messages, a decoder exchanges single-bit messages for a data channel between a plurality of M parity nodes and a plurality of N symbol nodes. Each parity node has one or more adjacent symbol nodes with a plurality of edges between the parity node and each adjacent symbol node. An extrinsic decision and an extrinsic parity value are calculated based on a time-varying lookup table. The lookup table stores the locally maximum-likelihood extrinsic decision for a quantized number of data channel states as a function of adjacent extrinsic parity values.

Abstract: For low complexity error correction, a decoder modifies each reliability metric of an input data stream with a random perturbation value. The reliability metric comprises a weighted sum of a channel measurement for the input data stream and parity check results for the input data stream. In addition, the decoder may generate an output data stream as a function of the reliability metrics.

Abstract: For decoding messages, a decoder exchanges single-bit messages for a data channel between a plurality of M parity nodes and a plurality of N symbol nodes. Each parity node has one or more adjacent symbol nodes with a plurality of edges between the parity node and each adjacent symbol node. An extrinsic decision and an extrinsic parity value are calculated based on a time-varying lookup table. The lookup table stores the locally maximum-likelihood extrinsic decision for a quantized number of data channel states as a function of adjacent extrinsic parity values.

Abstract: For low complexity error correction, a decoder modifies each reliability metric of an input data stream with a random perturbation value. The reliability metric comprises a weighted sum of a channel measurement for the input data stream and parity check results for the input data stream. In addition, the decoder may generate an output data stream as a function of the reliability metrics.

Abstract: The device and method for remotely monitoring animal behavior consists of a sensor unit mounted on an animal. The sensor unit utilizes motion sensors to monitor the specific behavioral patterns of the animal. Power management is controlled to turn the system on when specific types of motion are detected. Motion data is wirelessly transmitted to a base station for analysis. Data analysis functions are used to detect and identify the occurrence of characteristic motions. Network decision algorithms analyze the characteristic motions and compute weighted indicators and weighted counter-indicators which are combined into a final diagnostic score. When the final diagnostic score exceeds a threshold value, a specific behavioral pattern is confirmed which may indicate the animal is in a distress situation or experiencing another type of behavior that requires intervention. If distress is detected, the system sends a communication to notify the appropriate personnel that a distress condition exists.

Abstract: Low-voltage CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuits, suitable for analog decoders, for example, are provided. The circuits include multiplier modules that receive first input signals and respective ones of a plurality of second input signals. Each multiplier module generates as output signals products of the first input signals and its respective second input signals. Dummy multiplier modules that respectively correspond to the multiplier modules receive the second input signals, and each dummy multiplier module forms products of the second input signal of its corresponding multiplier module and the other second input signals. The dummy multiplier modules reduce the overall voltage requirements of the circuit, thereby providing for low-voltage operation.

Abstract: Low-voltage CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuits, suitable for analog decoders, for example, are provided. The circuits include multiplier modules that receive first input signals and respective ones of a plurality of second input signals. Each multiplier module generates as output signals products of the first input signals and its respective second input signals. Dummy multiplier modules that respectively correspond to the multiplier modules receive the second input signals, and each dummy multiplier module forms products of the second input signal of its corresponding multiplier module and the other second input signals. The dummy multiplier modules reduce the overall voltage requirements of the circuit, thereby providing for low-voltage operation.