Abstract: The present disclosure relates to simplified monitoring and transmission of a binary switch position by means of coded switching, in which corrections caused by different pulse edge delays are eliminated. According to the disclosure, an auxiliary voltage which is to be transmitted when the switch position is closed is coded using two identical pulse edges of two different pulses, that is to say using either the two connection edges or the two disconnection edges of the two pulses. As a result, the previously known pulse duration modulation is replaced with modulation of the delay time between the two pulses. The two pulses mentioned can be repeatedly generated inside a basic period, which is independent of the auxiliary voltage, and have, for distinguishing purposes, a connection duration or pulse length which is different but is independent of the auxiliary voltage.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a flexible and space-saving arrangement of hardware modules in an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). A module for an IED is configured to engage a slot or socket of a backplane of the IED in order to communicate, in a point-to-point mode over a serial backplane bus system that encompasses the slot or socket, with two neighboring modules in the IED. The module includes a source selector configured to select, in a receiving mode, between reception of signals transmitted via a nearest neighbor slot, or via a next-nearest neighbor slot. The source selector evaluates signals directed towards a rear side of a circuit board of the module, with the rear side being substantially devoid of electronic components.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to simplified monitoring and transmission of a binary switch position by means of coded switching, in which corrections caused by different pulse edge delays are eliminated. According to the disclosure, an auxiliary voltage which is to be transmitted when the switch position is closed is coded using two identical pulse edges of two different pulses, that is to say using either the two connection edges or the two disconnection edges of the two pulses. As a result, the previously known pulse duration modulation is replaced with modulation of the delay time between the two pulses. The two pulses mentioned can be repeatedly generated inside a basic period, which is independent of the auxiliary voltage, and have, for distinguishing purposes, a connection duration or pulse length which is different but is independent of the auxiliary voltage.