Abstract: A system and method for applying patterns to surfaces. A pattern may be applied to a surface of an object using a three-dimensional (3D) printer system. The 3D printer system may include a printer head including an applicator holding material used to form the pattern on the surface, a structure configured to hold a substrate to which the material will be applied, and a controller for adjusting a location of the printer head relative to a surface and initiating applying material from the applicator onto the surface. The applicator may be a syringe with a needle. 3D coordinates at which material is to be applied to a surface to form the pattern may be determined and identified based on a relative location of the substrate and the pattern. The pattern may be a speckle dot pattern used in Digital Image Correlation (DIC) material testing and characterization techniques.

Abstract: A system and method for applying patterns to surfaces. A pattern may be applied to a surface of an object using a three-dimensional (3D) printer system. The 3D printer system may include a printer head including an applicator holding material used to form the pattern on the surface, a structure configured to hold a substrate to which the material will be applied, and a controller for adjusting a location of the printer head relative to a surface and initiating applying material from the applicator onto the surface. The applicator may be a syringe with a needle. 3D coordinates at which material is to be applied to a surface to form the pattern may be determined and identified based on a relative location of the substrate and the pattern. The pattern may be a speckle dot pattern used in Digital Image Correlation (DIC) material testing and characterization techniques.

Abstract: A test device applies a defined mechanical load to a soft biomaterial such as a cell culture and a microscope forms a volume image data set showing the strain field or displacement field occurring in the medium. The data set is processed to determine fundamental mechanical properties of the cell, its interaction with the surrounding medium, or its responses loading or deformation of its surrounding medium. The device may also be used to calibrate or determine fundamental mechanical properties of the medium. The device includes a linear actuator that bears against the specimen, and adapted for a volume imaging device such as a scanning laser confocal microscope that forms a volume image data set of the specimen. The specimen may be supported in a Petri dish and is preferably imaged from below by an inverted microscope. Preferably the actuator device attaches to or forms the specimen stage of microscope.

Abstract: Use of a composition comprising silicon, oxygen and at least one of calcium, potassium, or titanium, as a material for coating an equipment or as a constituent material of equipment, intended to be in contact with a mixture containing a chlorohydrin, hydrogen chloride and water. The use of the composition may provide a method for reducing corrosion of the equipment, for decreasing the frequency of replacement of the equipment and/or for lowering the risks linked to equipment breakage and leak. The equipment which is intended to be in contact with the mixture may be used in a process for manufacturing a chlorohydrin, in which a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, an ester of a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon or a mixture of the two, is reacted with a chlorinating agent that contains hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: An electrical breaker device, in particular a high-voltage circuit breaker, and a method for improved quenching gas cooling are disclosed. Cold gas is stored intermediately in the exhaust region, and a first partial gas flow is guided to bypass the intermediately stored cold gas and to flow off into the breaker chamber, the intermediately stored cold gas being forcibly displaced out of the exhaust region with the aid of a second partial gas flow and being mixed with the first partial gas flow before flowing off into the breaker chamber housing. Exemplary embodiments relate, inter alia, to the design of the intermediate storage volume for the cold gas and to auxiliary means for precooling the hot quenching gas. Advantages are, inter alia, improved quenching gas cooling, an increased circuit breaker rating and/or a more compact breaker design.

Abstract: A high-voltage circuit breaker includes two arcing contacts, which are capable of moving relative to one another along an axis, an insulating nozzle, a heating volume for accommodating quenching gas, a heating channel, and an overpressure valve. The pressure of the quenching gas is based on the energy of a switching arc, which is formed when the breaker opens and generates arcing gas, and the heating channel opens out, with axial alignment, into the heating volume. The heating channel connects an arc zone, and the overpressure valve limits the pressure of the quenching gas by opening a relief duct, which opens out into an expansion space. In high-current switching, the pressure of the arcing gases in the arc zone is limited, and the quality of the quenching gas stored in the heating volume is improved, due to the relief duct having an outflow section extending in the radial direction.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of dichloropropanol in which glycerol is reacted with a chlorinating agent comprising hydrochloric acid in a liquid medium in equilibrium with a vapor phase and in which the condensation of a fraction exhibiting the composition of the vapor phase is prevented.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of dichloropropanol in which glycerol is reacted with a chlorinating agent comprising hydrochloric acid in a liquid medium in equilibrium with a vapour phase and in which the condensation of a fraction exhibiting the composition of the vapour phase is prevented.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of dichloropropanol in which glycerol is reacted with a chlorinating agent comprising hydrochloric acid in a liquid medium in equilibrium with a vapor phase and in which the condensation of a fraction exhibiting the composition of the vapor phase is prevented.

Abstract: Process for preparing a chlorohydrin, comprising a step in which a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, an ester of a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon or a mixture thereof is subjected to reaction with a chlorinating agent containing hydrogen chloride and at least one other step, carried out in apparatus made from or covered with materials which are resistant to the chlorinating agent under the conditions in which this step is realized.

Abstract: A high-voltage circuit breaker includes two arcing contacts, which are capable of moving relative to one another along an axis, an insulating nozzle, a heating volume for accommodating quenching gas, a heating channel, and an overpressure valve. The pressure of the quenching gas is based on the energy of a switching arc, which is formed when the breaker opens and generates arcing gas, and the heating channel opens out, with axial alignment, into the heating volume. The heating channel connects an arc zone, and the overpressure valve limits the pressure of the quenching gas by opening a relief duct, which opens out into an expansion space. In high-current switching, the pressure of the arcing gases in the arc zone is limited, and the quality of the quenching gas stored in the heating volume is improved, due to the relief duct having an outflow section extending in the radial direction.

Abstract: Use of a composition comprising silicon, oxygen and at least one of calcium, potassium, or titanium, as a material for coating an equipment or as a constituent material of equipment, intended to be in contact with a mixture containing a chlorohydrin, hydrogen chloride and water. The use of the composition may provide a method for reducing corrosion of the equipment, for decreasing the frequency of replacement of the equipment and/or for lowering the risks linked to equipment breakage and leak. The equipment which is intended to be in contact with the mixture may be used in a process for manufacturing a chlorohydrin, in which a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, an ester of a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon or a mixture of the two, is reacted with a chlorinating agent that contains hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: In accordance with the described embodiments vehicular electronic control units and their operating methods are described which cost effectively compensate momentary external power loss by reducing the unit's power consumption while external power is lost. In an exemplary embodiment external power loss is detected by the electronic control unit's microprocessor. The microprocessor thereupon disables some components within the electronic control unit and operates with limited functionality for the duration of external power loss. The electronic control unit uses internal energy storage, e.g. a hold capacitor, to sustain its limited functionality operation. Upon recovery from the external power loss the electronic control unit resumes full operation.

Abstract: An arc chamber is disclosed for a gas-insulated high-voltage switch. It contains a heating volume for accommodating compressed quenching gas from an arc zone. A part of the wall of the heating volume is formed by a piston which is displaceable against a restoring force. The piston is arranged as differential piston and has on its side facing away from the heating volume a piston step which forms a first working surface (A2) acting in an expansion space and a second working surface (A1-A2) acting in an insulating-gas-filled storage space. Through the piston, a duct connecting the heating volume with the storage space is also conducted which is opened when the insulating-gas pressure (p2) in the storage space is greater than the quenching-gas pressure (p1) in the heating volume.

Abstract: A switching chamber is intended for a gas-insulated high-voltage switch and contains a contact arrangement with two arcing contacts, which move relative to one another along an axis, with an insulating nozzle, an insulating auxiliary nozzle, a heating volume and a heating channel. The heating channel is routed partially axially between the insulating nozzle and the insulating auxiliary nozzle and connects an arcing zone to the heating volume. A section of the heating channel which opens into the heating volume is inclined inward with respect to the axis. Hot gas which is formed when a short-circuit current is disconnected in the arcing zone therefore flows with a velocity component directed inward into the heating volume, and can penetrate deeply into the heating volume in areas close to the axis.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of dichloropropanol in which glycerol is reacted with a chlorinating agent comprising hydrochloric acid in a liquid medium in equilibrium with a vapour phase and in which the condensation of a fraction exhibiting the composition of the vapour phase is prevented.

Abstract: Process for preparing a chlorohydrin, comprising a step in which a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon, an ester of a polyhydroxylated aliphatic hydrocarbon or a mixture thereof is subjected to reaction with a chlorinating agent containing hydrogen chloride and at least one other step, carried out in apparatus made from or covered with materials which are resistant to the chlorinating agent under the conditions in which this step is realized.

Abstract: An electrical breaker device, in particular a high-voltage circuit breaker, and a method for improved quenching gas cooling are disclosed. Cold gas is stored intermediately in the exhaust region, and a first partial gas flow is guided to bypass the intermediately stored cold gas and to flow off into the breaker chamber, the intermediately stored cold gas being forcibly displaced out of the exhaust region with the aid of a second partial gas flow and being mixed with the first partial gas flow before flowing off into the breaker chamber housing. Exemplary embodiments relate, inter alia, to the design of the intermediate storage volume for the cold gas and to auxiliary means for precooling the hot quenching gas. Advantages are, inter alia, improved quenching gas cooling, an increased circuit breaker rating and/or a more compact breaker design.

Abstract: Phosphoric acid-free baths for chemical polishing of stainless steel surfaces, including, in aqueous solution, a mixture of hydrochloric acid and of nitric acid, an optionally substituted hydroxybenzoic acid, a cationic surfactant and ferricyanide complex ions.