Abstract: A method for adapting valve timings of an internal combustion engine, includes selecting multiple instantaneous operating points of the internal combustion engine by comparison to specified operating points, ascertaining a cylinder charge of at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine at each of the selected operating points, ascertaining a charge error for each selected operating point from the difference of each ascertained cylinder charge from an expected value of the cylinder charge for the particular operating point, comparing the ascertained charge errors to expected charge errors, and ascertaining an adaptation value of the valve timings from the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A method for adapting valve timings of an internal combustion engine, includes selecting multiple instantaneous operating points of the internal combustion engine by comparison to specified operating points, ascertaining a cylinder charge of at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine at each of the selected operating points, ascertaining a charge error for each selected operating point from the difference of each ascertained cylinder charge from an expected value of the cylinder charge for the particular operating point, comparing the ascertained charge errors to expected charge errors, and ascertaining an adaptation value of the valve timings from the result of the comparison.

Abstract: The invention provides, for a surface-scanning microscope, a probe having comparable stiffness in respect of deflections in two different directions, namely the direction towards and away from the surface and a direction in a plane parallel to the surface. For that purpose the probe, which comprises a support body, a resilient arm or cantilever having one end supported by the support body and another, free, end having thereon a sharp tip or stylus, has its arm or cantilever meander-shape.The invention further provides a method making such a probe, having its support body and tip or stylus as integral parts, from a wafer of crystalline material by etching.