Abstract: A measurement system for wide dynamic range operation in optical power measurement applications is disclosed. The system provides amplification over a wide dynamic range without glitch, signal loss or transient effect during range switch. This is achieved by combining first and second multi-gain photodiode amplifiers (10/1,10/2), with their input ports connected in common to receive the input signal from a photodiode, and by switching their gain settings to get continuous readings of a photodiode signal. More specifically, the gain setting of the first amplifier is changed only when the signal from the other amplifier is being output, and vice versa. Such an amplification system ensures a smooth transition within a wide dynamic range while monitoring various signal levels, e.g., monitoring processes with substantial variations of optical power from very high levels to very low levels.

Abstract: A measurement system for wide dynamic range operation in optical power measurement applications is disclosed. The system provides amplification over a wide dynamic range without glitch, signal loss or transient effect during range switch. This is achieved by combining first and second multi-gain photodiode amplifiers (10/1,10/2), with their input ports connected in common to receive the input signal from a photodiode, and by switching their gain settings to get continuous readings of a photodiode signal. More specifically, the gain setting of the first amplifier is changed only when the signal from the other amplifier is being output, and vice versa. Such an amplification system ensures a smooth transition within a wide dynamic range while monitoring various signal levels, e.g., monitoring processes with substantial variations of optical power from very high levels to very low levels.

Abstract: A steam generator incorporating a tube bundle (2) arranged in a bundle casing (5), in which the wall of bundle casing (5) incorporates openings each corresponding to a supporting component (20), openings along the edge of which are fixed sleeves (15) projecting radially into the space between the casing (5) and the outer wall (3) of the heat exchanger. Each of the supporting components (20) incorporates two cylindrical parts situated in extension of one another, a large-diameter part (20a) welded by its side surface inside the sleeve (15) and a small-diameter part (20b) abutting against the casing (3). Wedges (23) are inserted between the part (20a) of the supporting component (20) and a spacer plate (8) of the heat exchanger. The invention applies, in particular, to steam generators of pressurized water nuclear reactors.