Abstract: The invention relates to methods, networks and network nodes for setting up a route in a packet-switched network comprising network nodes which are connected to one another for data engineering purposes, where the route connects a starting node to a destination node through intermediate nodes. The route is set up with a distance correlation to a reference route which has already been set up in the network.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining a position of a communication apparatus is provided. To determine a position of a first apparatus a first signal is transmitted from a second apparatus to the first apparatus. A second signal is then transmitted from the first apparatus to the second apparatus as a response to the first signal, the first signal and the second signal being transmitted by way of at least two different mediums. Signal strength of the second signal received by the second apparatus and a transfer time from a first time of transmission of the first signal to a second time of receipt of the second signal are measured. The position of the first apparatus is finally calculated as a function of the measured signal strength of the received second signal and the measured transfer time.

Abstract: Using at least one network consisting of at least one node, a multi-hop communication system is formed in which data are received and forwarded from a transmitting first node to a second node receiving the data via at least one third node interposed between the first and the second node. For transmission, the data are subdivided into packets that have a useful data portion (payload) and at least one first control data portion associated with the multi-hop method and a second control data portion associated with the network. The data are encrypted using a first public key determined by the first node and the second node, but only the useful data portion is encrypted using the first public key.

Abstract: A method for transmitting data in a communication network, features network management-controlled transmission of data via a data transmission channel that connects network nodes. According to the method, data is transmitted at a minimum desired transmission rate that results from a temporal usage of the data transmission channel.

Abstract: A routing method for a network burdens the network with less routing messages. According to said method, routing hellos for calculating the link metrics are used. The method thus removes the need for metric beacons.

Abstract: A power amplifier, particularly a gradient amplifier of a nuclear magnetic resonance tomography apparatus, has at least one switched output stage containing a power bridge circuit formed by a number of switch elements, the bridge circuit being connected to a floating intermediate circuit voltage, as well as at least one digital pulse width modulator that generates pulse-width-modulated control signals for all switch elements of the power bridge circuit from digital input signals in order to generate at least one output stage voltage according to an output stage switching clock.