Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention may provide a method of measuring an unknown capacitance of a device. The method may comprise the steps of driving a test signal to a circuit system that includes a current divider formed by the device with unknown capacitance and a reference capacitor; mirroring a current developed in the reference capacitor to a second circuit system that includes a measurement impedance; measuring a voltage within the second circuit system; and deriving a capacitance of the unknown capacitance based on the measured voltage with reference to a capacitance of the reference capacitor and the measurement impedance.

Abstract: A method for producing a coated component is provided comprising providing a base body comprising a fibre-reinforced plastic, and applying a coating of a ceramic material directly to the base body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing organic diisocyanates by reacting the corresponding diamines with phosgene in inert solvents. High-melting diamines from the series of 1,5-naphthalenediamine, tetralindiamine, 1,4-phenylenediamine, durenediamine, and o-tolidinediamine are used as diamines. According to the invention, a suspension of the diamines in inert solvents is produced, wherein dynamic mixing units, selected from dispersion disks and rotor-stator systems, are used, and the obtained suspension is phosgenated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing organic diisocyanates by reacting the corresponding diamines with phosgene in inert solvents. High-melting diamines from the series of 1,5-naphthalenediamine, tetralindiamine, 1,4-phenylenediamine, durenediamine, and o-tolidinediamine are used as diamines. According to the invention, a suspension of the diamines in inert solvents is produced, wherein dynamic mixing units, selected from dispersion disks and rotor-stator systems, are used, and the obtained suspension is phosgenated.

Abstract: In order to save energy, it is proposed that parts of a signaling system be switched off, for example, by an operating system. The computers to be switched off store data which are relevant to railway safety, preferably on a central storage medium, for example, an NAS hard drive. When they have been reactivated, the computers read the safety-relevant data and operation can continue. This solution also enables computers which work with data relevant to railway safety to be switched to an energy-saving mode without endangering the safety of the railway.

Abstract: Novel processes for the preparation of peripheral opioid antagonist compounds and intermediates thereto. The compounds prepared by the present processes may be useful, for example, as antagonists to the mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors, and thereby may be useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders, and in preventing peripheral opiate induced side effects. The present processes may offer improved yields, chemical or stereochemical purity, ease of preparation and/or isolation of intermediates and final product, and more industrially useful reaction conditions and workability.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit includes a first switch transistor to receive an input signal and a second switch transistor to provide an output signal. The sources of the switch transistors may be coupled. A voltage source may be coupled to the sources of the switch transistors and at least one of the gates of the switch transistors. The voltage source may generate a control voltage to activate at least one of the switch transistors based on a bias current. A voltage source driver may be coupled to the voltage source to generate the bias current based on a bias voltage. The bias voltage may include a first voltage approximately corresponding to an overdrive voltage of at least one of the switch transistors and a second voltage approximately corresponding to a threshold voltage of the switch transistors.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit includes a first switch transistor to receive an input signal and a second switch transistor to provide an output signal. The sources of the switch transistors may be coupled. A voltage source may be coupled to the sources of the switch transistors and at least one of the gates of the switch transistors. The voltage source may generate a control voltage to activate at least one of the switch transistors based on a bias current. A voltage source driver may be coupled to the voltage source to generate the bias current based on a bias voltage. The bias voltage may include a first voltage approximately corresponding to an overdrive voltage of at least one of the switch transistors and a second voltage approximately corresponding to a threshold voltage of the switch transistors.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit can include at least one transistor, to receive an input signal and allow the input signal to pass through as an output signal based on a control signal, and a voltage-controlled voltage source, to provide first and second voltages between a gate and a source of the at least one transistor in response to the control signal. The voltage-controlled voltage source can include a differential pair and a current source. A gate of one of the differential pair can receive the control signal and a gate of the other of the differential pair can receive a logical inverse of the control signal. The current source can provide a current to connected sources of the differential pair. The first voltage can turn on the at least one transistor and be produced in response to a first logic state of the control signal resulting in the current of the current source flowing entirely through a first one of the differential pair.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mixer reactor of the rotor-stator type. This mixer reactor comprises a substantially rotationally symmetric housing which has a distributing chamber, a mixing chamber, a front plate that modifies the cross-section of the housing between these two chambers, and there are separate inlets into the mixing chamber for at least two substances and an outlet for removing the mixed material or product. The inlet for the first substance is provided in the axis of rotation of the mixing chamber. Two or more channels are aligned radially outward from this inlet, and the first substance is transported through these channels and into the mixing chamber. The inlet for the at least second substance is constructed in the form of a plurality of openings in the front plate, these inlet openings being are arranged rotationally symmetrically to the axis of rotation. Each of these inlet openings for the at least second substance has a corresponding pin which can be displaced in the axial direction.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit can include at least one transistor, to receive an input signal and allow the input signal to pass through as an output signal based on a control signal, and a voltage-controlled voltage source, to provide first and second voltages between a gate and a source of the at least one transistor in response to the control signal. The voltage-controlled voltage source can include a differential pair and a current source. A gate of one of the differential pair can receive the control signal and a gate of the other of the differential pair can receive a logical inverse of the control signal. The current source can provide a current to connected sources of the differential pair. The first voltage can turn on the at least one transistor and be produced in response to a first logic state of the control signal resulting in the current of the current source flowing entirely through a first one of the differential pair.

Abstract: A method of transmitting data to a recipient comprising the steps of dividing the data into a plurality of groups, providing a synchronizing means for each of the groups, using the synchronizing means to synchronize the data in each group, and transmitting the data to a recipient characterized in that the data is divided in accordance with its synchronization requirements with the recipient.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit can include a switch transistor, having a drain configured as an input terminal to receive an input signal, and a voltage-controlled voltage source, configured to provide predetermined constant voltages between a gate and a source of the switch transistor in response to a control signal received at a control terminal. The predetermined constant voltages can include a first predetermined constant voltage to turn on the switch transistor and pass the input signal to the source and a second predetermined constant voltage to turn off the switch transistor. The first and second predetermined constant voltages can be independent of the magnitude of a signal passed to the source of the switch transistor based on the input signal at the drain.

Abstract: A bootstrapped switch circuit can include a switch transistor, having a drain configured as an input terminal to receive an input signal, and a voltage-controlled voltage source, configured to provide predetermined constant voltages between a gate and a source of the switch transistor in response to a control signal received at a control terminal. The predetermined constant voltages can include a first predetermined constant voltage to turn on the switch transistor and pass the input signal to the source and a second predetermined constant voltage to turn off the switch transistor. The first and second predetermined constant voltages can be independent of the magnitude of a signal passed to the source of the switch transistor based on the input signal at the drain.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mixer reactor of the rotor-stator type. This mixer reactor comprises a substantially rotationally symmetric housing which has a distributing chamber, a mixing chamber, a front plate that modifies the cross-section of the housing between these two chambers, and there are separate inlets into the mixing chamber for at least two substances and an outlet for removing the mixed material or product. The inlet for the first substance is provided in the axis of rotation of the mixing chamber. Two or more channels are aligned radially outward from this inlet, and the first substance is transported through these channels and into the mixing chamber. The inlet for the at least second substance is constructed in the form of a plurality of openings in the front plate, these inlet openings being are arranged rotationally symmetrically to the axis of rotation. Each of these inlet openings for the at least second substance has a corresponding pin which can be displaced in the axial direction.

Abstract: A method of transmitting data to a recipient comprising the steps of dividing the data into a plurality of groups, providing a synchronising means for each of the groups, using the synchronising means to synchronise the data in each group, and transmitting the data to a recipient characterised in that the data is divided in accordance with its synchronisation requirements with the recipient.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for the production of isocyanates by the reaction of an amine or a mixture of two or more amines with phosgene, the improvement involving the phosgene containing less than about 100 ppm of sulfur in elemental or bound form. The inventive process yields light-colored isocyanates that are suitable for the production of polyurethanes or their precursors (e.g. prepolymers) without the treatment processes heretofore required.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for the production of isocyanates by the reaction of an amine or a mixture of two or more amines with phosgene, the improvement involving the phosgene containing less than about 100 ppm of sulfur in elemental or bound form. The inventive process yields light-colored isocyanates that are suitable for the production of polyurethanes or their precursors (e.g. prepolymers) without the treatment processes heretofore required.

Abstract: The invention relates to the biphenyldiols of the formula (V) The corresponding racemic and enantiomerically pure triflate compounds thereof, where R1 and R2 are H, R3 is chlorine, and R4 is methoxy. In an alternate embodiment, R1 and R2 are hydrogen and R3 and R4 are C1-C4-alkoxy, fluorine, or chlorine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation and use as catalysts of diphosphines of the formula (I) 1