Abstract: Provided herein are methods of producing halomethylfuroic and acyloxymethylfuroic acid and ester compounds from furfural starting compounds. For example, 5-chloromethyl-2-furoic acid may be produced from 5-chloromethylfurfural, in the presence of various oxidants. Salts of the furoic acids may also be produced.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of producing halomethylfuroic and acyloxymethylfuroic acid and ester compounds from furfural starting compounds. For example, 5-chloromethyl-2-furoic acid may be produced from 5-chloromethylfurfural, in the presence of various oxidants. Salts of the furoic acids may also be produced.

Abstract: A process for producing distillate fuels, such as a diesel fuel, from a syngas feedstream having a relatively low H2/CO ratio of greater than 1 and equal to or less than 2.0. The syngas feedstream is preferably passed to a CO2 removal zone, then to at least one Fischer-Tropsch zone, wherein the resulting Fischer-Tropsch product stream is passed to a separation zone to obtain a hydrocarbon-containing fraction that is hydroconverted to result in a distillate boiling range stream.

Abstract: A process for producing distillate fuels, such as a diesel fuel, from a syngas feedstream having a relatively low H2/CO ratio of greater than 1 and equal to or less than 2.0. The syngas feedstream is preferably passed to a CO2 removal zone, then to at least one Fischer-Tropsch zone, wherein the resulting Fischer-Tropsch product stream is passed to a separation zone to obtain a hydrocarbon-containing fraction that is hydroconverted to result in a distillate boiling range stream.

Abstract: A process for producing distillate fuels, such as a diesel fuel, from a syngas feedstream having a relatively low H2/CO ratio of greater than 1 and equal to or less than 2.0. The syngas feedstream is preferably passed to a CO2 removal zone, then to at least one Fischer-Tropsch zone, wherein the resulting Fischer-Tropsch product stream is passed to a separation zone to obtain a hydrocarbon-containing fraction that is hydroconverted to result in a distillate boiling range stream.

Abstract: A process for optimizing a biomass feedstock for gasification for the production of syngas. The biomass feed, which is preferably a lignocellulosic material, is subjected to controlled torrefaction so that the biomass only undergoes a weight loss of about 10% to 15% on a dry ash free basis. This increases the energy density and friability of the so treated biomass and results in higher efficiency on subsequent gasification.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for extracting components of a mixed fuel into at least one substantially non-polar component and at least one polar fuel component. In one example approach, a volume of a mixed fuel is added to an extractor and a polar solvent is used to extract components of the mixed fuel. The extracted components may be selectively provided to an engine in a ratio based upon engine operating conditions.

Abstract: An engine having a first and second bank of cylinders is disclosed. The engine may have improved fuel economy and emission as compared to other similar engines. In one example, engine cylinders may be deactivated.

Abstract: Performance characteristics of a catalytic device are determined based on a particle size of a particulate component of the catalytic device. In this way, aging of a catalytic device can be accounted for in the calculation of performance characteristics.

Abstract: A mechanical apparatus including a combustion engine, a conduit for transporting an exhaust stream away from the engine, a first catalytic NOx storage and conversion region disposed along the conduit, and a second catalytic NOx storage and conversion region disposed along the conduit at a location downstream from the first catalytic NOx storage and conversion region is disclosed. Each of the first catalytic NOx storage and conversion region and the second catalytic NOx storage and conversion region includes at least one catalytic metal configured to convert NOx to NO2 when the engine is supplied a lean air/fuel mixture, and at least one NOx adsorbing compound configured to adsorb NO2 for storage when the engine is supplied a lean air/fuel mixture, and wherein the one of the first and the second catalytic NOx storage and conversion regions has a lower concentration of catalytic metal than the other of the first and second catalytic NOx storage and conversion regions.

Abstract: In an apparatus having an internal combustion engine, a method of operating the engine is disclosed, comprising providing a mixed fuel from a fuel tank to a separator, separating at least a portion of the hydrocarbon fuel component from the mixed fuel by transporting a hydrocarbon fuel component through a material in the separator that selectively transports the hydrocarbon fuel component, thereby forming a first oxygenated fuel component-enriched fuel fraction and a second hydrocarbon-enriched fuel fraction, and providing fuel from the first fuel fraction and fuel from the second fuel fraction to the engine in a ratio based on an engine operating condition.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are disclosed for carrying out combustion in a fuel-cut operation in some or all of the engine cylinders of a vehicle. Further, various subsystems are considered, such as fuel vapor purging, air-fuel ratio control, engine torque control, catalyst design, and exhaust system design.

Abstract: In an apparatus comprising a fuel tank, an internal combustion engine, and a separator positioned fluidically between the fuel tank and the internal combustion engine, a method of operating the apparatus is disclosed, wherein the method comprises inputting a mixed fuel containing a hydrocarbon component and an oxygenated component into the separator, separating the fuel in the separator into a hydrocarbon-enriched fuel fraction and an oxygenated fuel component-enriched fuel fraction, and controlling an amount of the hydrocarbon-enriched fuel fraction and an amount of the oxygenated fuel component-enriched fuel fraction provided to the engine based upon an engine operating condition.

Abstract: A system comprising an engine having a first and second bank of cylinders, said first bank having a first and second group of cylinders, said second bank having a third and fourth group of cylinders; a first emission control device coupled to said first and second group for treating gasses from said first and second group separately; a second emission control device coupled to said third and fourth group for treating gasses from said third and fourth group separately; and a controller for operating said first and third group about stoichiometry and said second and fourth group to pump air without injected fuel.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are disclosed for carrying out combustion in a fuel-cut operation in some or all of the engine cylinders of a vehicle. Further, various subsystems are considered, such as fuel vapor purging, air-fuel ratio control, engine torque control, catalyst design, and exhaust system design.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are disclosed for carrying out combustion in a fuel-cut operation in some or all of the engine cylinders of a vehicle. Further, various subsystems are considered, such as fuel vapor purging, air-fuel ratio control, engine torque control, catalyst design, and exhaust system design.

Abstract: A method of desulfating a catalytic NOx storage and conversion device is disclosed, wherein the method includes determining an amount of sulfur stored in the catalytic NOx storage and conversion device; determining an interval for exposing the catalytic NOx storage and conversion device to a rich exhaust stream based upon the determined amount of sulfur stored, wherein the interval is longer for lower amounts of sulfur stored and shorter for higher amounts of sulfur stored; and exposing the catalytic NOx storage and conversion device to the rich exhaust stream for the determined interval.

Abstract: A method of operating a vehicle system including an internal combustion engine is disclosed, the method comprises separating a second fuel from a first fuel, the second fuel having a greater concentration of at least one component than the first fuel; combusting at least the first fuel at least during a first engine load; and combusting at least the second fuel at least during a second engine load higher than the first engine load.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are disclosed for carrying out combustion in a fuel-cut operation in some or all of the engine cylinders of a vehicle. Further, various subsystems are considered, such as fuel vapor purging, air-fuel ratio control, engine torque control, catalyst design, and exhaust system design.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling a lean burn engine coupled to an emission control device that stores oxidants during lean operation, and reacts the stored oxidants during stoichiometric or rich operation, the method comprising estimating amounts of NOx stored in the device along a plurality of axial positions of the device and adjusting an operating parameter based on said estimate.