Abstract: The invention concerns processes and solutions for the treatment of copper alloy surfaces, which are subsequently to be firmly bonded to polymeric material. The solution is used, in particular for firmly bonding lead frames to encapsulating molding compounds (polymeric material). The solution contains an oxidant, at least one acid, at least one adhesion-enhancing compound characterized in that the solution additionally contains fluoride ions in an amount of at least 100 mg per litre and chloride ions in an amount of 5 to 40 mg per litre. The solution is particularly useful for treatment of copper alloy surfaces, containing alloying elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ni, Fe, Zr, P, Sn and Zn.

Abstract: The invention concerns processes and solutions for the treatment of copper alloy surfaces, which are subsequently to be firmly bonded to polymeric material. The solution is used, in particular for firmly bonding lead frames to encapsulating molding compounds (polymeric material). The solution contains an oxidant, at least one acid, at least one adhesion-enhancing compound characterized in that the solution additionally contains fluoride ions in an amount of at least 100 mg per litre and chloride ions in an amount of 5 to 40 mg per litre. The solution is particularly useful for treatment of copper alloy surfaces, containing alloying elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ni, Fe, Zr, P, Sn and Zn.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of improving the adhesion between silver surfaces and resin materials, such as epoxy resins and mold materials, used in the production of electronic devices. The invention provides a method for improving the adhesion between a silver surface and a resin material comprising a step of electrolytically treating the silver surface with a solution containing a hydroxide selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxides and mixtures thereof, wherein the silver surface is the cathode.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of improving the adhesion between silver surfaces and resin materials, such as epoxy resins and mold materials, used in the production of electronic devices. The invention provides a method for improving the adhesion between a silver surface and a resin material comprising a step of electrolytically treating the silver surface with a solution containing a hydroxide selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxides and mixtures thereof, wherein the silver surface is the cathode.

Abstract: The invention concerns processes and solutions for the treatment of copper alloy surfaces, which are subsequently to be firmly bonded to polymeric material. The solution is used, in particular for firmly bonding lead frames to encapsulating molding compounds (polymeric material). The solution contains an oxidant, at least one acid, at least one adhesion-enhancing compound characterized in that the solution additionally contains fluoride ions in an amount of at least 100 mg per litre and chloride ions in an amount of 5 to 40 mg per litre. The solution is particularly useful for treatment of copper alloy surfaces, containing alloying elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ni, Fe, Zr, P, Sn and Zn.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sealing for the gas-tight connection of two elements of a fuel cell stack comprising an electrically non-conducting spacer component and at least one solder component solid or viscous over its entire extension at the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack and coupling the spacer component to at least one of the elements to be connected of the fuel cell stack in a gas-tight manner. According to the invention it is envisaged that the spacer component is formed of a ceramic material. The invention further relates to a fuel cell stack in which, according to the invention, it is envisaged that a distribution of forces compressing the fuel cell stack in the axial direction is directly transmitted to at least one of the elements to be connected by the spacer component. The invention further relates to production methods for seals and fuel cell stacks.

Abstract: A roof module (10) for a motor vehicle, with an integrated climate control system (12, 14, 16, 18). Furthermore, the roof module (10) includes a fuel cell system (32, 34, 38). The roof module (10) is preferably a pre-mounted complete motor vehicle roof with bordering modules, preferably with extra integrated functions.

Abstract: A mixture formation means for the reformer of a fuel cell system or for a heater. The fuel feed includes a pressure impulse injection means and the mixture formation area is a swirl chamber having a discharge nozzle connected to the pressure impulse injection device. Also included is a fuel heater for preheating the fuel before injection in order to achieve complete vaporization of the fuel, such as diesel fuel.

Abstract: A roof module (10) for a motor vehicle, with an integrated climate control system (12, 14, 16, 18). Furthermore, the roof module (10) includes a fuel cell system (32, 34, 38). The roof module (10) is preferably a pre-mounted complete motor vehicle roof with bordering modules, preferably with extra integrated functions.

Abstract: A vehicle electrical system, especially for a motor vehicle, with an APU (auxiliary power unit) based on a fuel cell and a DC/DC converter for converting the DC voltage which is generated by the fuel cell (10) in order to match it to the voltage of the vehicle electrical system, and a process for operating an electrical consumer (14) with electrical power, with which some of the electrical power delivered from the fuel cell (10) is supplied to at least one electrical consumer (14) without conversion by the DC/DC converter (12).

Abstract: A mixture formation means for the reformer of a fuel cell system or for a heater. The fuel feed includes a pressure impulse injection means and the mixture formation area is a swirl chamber having a discharge nozzle connected to the pressure impulse injection device. Also included is a fuel heater for preheating the fuel before injection in order to achieve complete vaporization of the fuel, such as diesel fuel.

Abstract: Process for the production of at least one solderable surface in selected solder regions and of at least one functional surface in function regions differing from the solder regions on circuit carriers provided as well as of corresponding circuit carriers.

Abstract: The inventive method provides solderable areas in addition to bondable areas on circuit carriers, wherein solderability is not impaired by exposing the circuit carriers to the effects of temperature. The inventive method comprises the following steps: solderable surfaces are produced by deposition of a solderable metal layer (5), the solder areas are covered by a mask (6), functional surfaces (7, 8) are created in the functional areas and the covering mask (6) is finally removed.

Abstract: There is provided a plural dosage form for peptide pharmaceuticals comprising a matrix of gelatin or gelatin derivative having distributed therein the peptide pharmaceutical in particular insulin, as well as, pharmaceutically conventional carriers and additives. By selection of the appropriate gelatin the pharmaceutical is liberated in the small intestine or the large intestine so that is not enzymatically degraded anymore by peptidases.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of producing gold coating on a workpiece having a palladium surface, having the steps of: a) making an aqueous solution containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds containing gold(I) and gold(III) ions and additionally at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of formic acid, aromatic carboxylic acids having the chemical formula: where R1, . . . , R4=H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, OH, and the salts, esters or amides of these compounds; b) adjusting the pH of the solution to 1 to 6 using pH adjusting agents; and c) bringing the workpiece into contact with the solution such that gold coating is plated onto the palladium surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to accurately meterable shaped articles, for example granules or pellets, containing hydrophilic macromolecules, active compounds and optionally further pharmaceutically acceptable structure-forming substances and auxiliaries, the active compound being present in a matrix in dissolved, suspended or emulsified form, and a novel process for the production of these shaped articles, the process being particularly economically and ecologically acceptable, and use of the shaped articles as medicaments, in which the bioavailability, shelf life and tolerability is increased. Using the shaped articles or mixtures according to the invention, intermediates or final products for pharmacy, cosmetics, diagnosis, analysis or dietetics (healthcare) can additionally be advantageously prepared.

Abstract: A peroral depot medicament with controlled active substance release is composed of a gelatine matrix that continuously dissolves in an aqueous medium above 37.degree. C., and a medicament distributed therein. The release of the medicament, that may be easily or scarcely soluble, lipophilic or hydrophilic, is variable in time and may be adjusted according to the medicament.

Abstract: A medicament for immediately treating painful, inflammatory and/or febrile diseases contains as active substance ibuprofen as a racemate, as a racemic mixture with its enantiomers, as a pseudoracemate (mixtures of equal parts of S- and R-ibuprofen) or as a mixture of different parts of S- and R-ibuprofen in a range between pure S- and pure R-ibuprofen in the form of a pharmaceutically applicable nanosol and satisfies all requirements of an immediate-effect pharmaceutic form. It can in addition be combined with a slow-release medicament that contains as active substance ibuprofen as a racemic compound, as a pseudoracemate (mixtures of equal parts of S- and R-ibuprofen) or as a mixture of different parts of S- and R-ibuprofen in a range between pure S- and pure R-ibuprofen, in the form of a pharmaceutically applicable, gelatine-based nanosol.

Abstract: Nanosols and process for preparing the same allow colloidally dispersed solutions of scarcely water-soluble active substances to be stabilized with gelatin or its derivatives, by partly or fully setting the iso-ionic point (IIP, equivalent to a neutral charge) between the gelatin and the surface charged active substance particles. In order to neutralize the charge of the system composed of active substance particles and gelatin, the surface charge of the particles is compensated by a corresponding opposite charge of the gelatin molecules. For that purpose, a determined charge in relation to the isoelectric point (IEP) and the pH value of the solution is set on the gelatin molecules. By stabilizing in this way the practically monodispersed state thus generated, the Ostwald maturation of the colloidal particles of scarcely soluble active substance is strongly reduced.

Abstract: Sparingly water-soluble active compounds, for example medicinal substances, are converted into the dissolved (molecularly disperse) state by dissolving them in a hydrophilic peptide having a molecular weight above 100 D, for example gelatin. The solubility both during storage and during use of the formulation by the user or patient is thereby ensured, without organic solvents or solubilizing agents which cause undesirable side effects being required.