Abstract: A method for determining an electric voltage u(t) and/or an electric current i(t) of an HF signal in an electrical cable on a calibration plane by measuring in the time domain. Using a directional coupler, a first portion v3(t) of a first HF signal is decoupled, fed to a time domain measuring device, and a second portion v4(t) of a second HF signal is decoupled. The signal portions v3(t), v4(t) are converted into the frequency domain, then absolute wave frequencies in the frequency domain are determined and converted into the electric voltage u(t) and/or the electric current i(t). In a previous calibration step, the calibration parameters are determined, and the absolute wave frequencies on the calibration plane are determined using the calibration parameters (e00,r(?3, ?4), e01,r(?3, ?4), e10,r(?3, ?4), e11,r(?3, ?4)), wherein ?3, ?4 are the reflection factors of the inputs of the time domain measuring device.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a test apparatus, having a first and a second directional coupler, for gauging a two-port test object that has a first port and a second port in a calibration plane, wherein for the purpose of calibrating the test apparatus a vectorial network analyzer having a 1st-6th test port is connected to the first and second ports in the calibration plane such that the first and second test ports are connected to respective port in the calibration plane, the third and fourth test ports are connected to the first directional coupler and the fifth and sixth test ports are connected to the second directional coupler via a respective waveguide for electromagnetic waves. For different calibration standards, scatter parameters are determined for each desired frequency point. For the different calibration standards, corrections to the scatter matrix are made in order to obtain a corrected scatter matrix.

Abstract: A method for determining electric voltage u(t) and/or electric current i(t) of an RF signal in the time domain in a calibration plane, wherein by at least one directional coupler having two outputs and one signal input a first component of a first RF signal that runs from the signal input in the direction of the calibration plane, and a second component of a second RF signal that runs from the calibration plane in the direction of the signal input is decoupled. For a two-port error of the directional coupler, the error terms e00, e01, e10 and e11, are determined as a function of a frequency f and the signal values v1(t) and v2(t) are transformed into the frequency domain as wave quantities V1(f) and V2(f), and absolute wave quantities a1 and b1 in the frequency domain in the calibration plane are calculated from the wave quantities V1(f) and V2(f) by the error terms e00, e01, e10 and e11.

Abstract: A method for determining an electric voltage u(t) and/or an electric current i(t) of an HF signal in an electrical cable on a calibration plane by measuring in the time domain. Using a directional coupler, a first portion v3(t) of a first HF signal is decoupled, fed to a time domain measuring device, and a second portion v4(t) of a second HF signal is decoupled. The signal portions v3(t), v4(t) are converted into the frequency domain, then absolute wave frequencies in the frequency domain are determined and converted into the electric voltage u(t) and/or the electric current i(t). In a previous calibration step, the calibration parameters are determined, and the absolute wave frequencies on the calibration plane are determined using the calibration parameters (e00,r(?3, ?4), e01,r(?3, ?4), e10,r(?3, ?4), e11,r(?3, ?4)), wherein ?3, ?4 are the reflection factors of the inputs of the time domain measuring device.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a test apparatus, having a first and a second directional coupler, for gauging a two-port test object that has a first port and a second port in a calibration plane, wherein for the purpose of calibrating the test apparatus a vectorial network analyzer having a 1st-6th test port is connected to the first and second ports in the calibration plane such that the first and second test ports are connected to respective port in the calibration plane, the third and fourth test ports are connected to the first directional coupler and the fifth and sixth test ports are connected to the second directional coupler via a respective waveguide for electromagnetic waves. For different calibration standards, scatter parameters are determined for each desired frequency point. For the different calibration standards, corrections to the scatter matrix are made in order to obtain a corrected scatter matrix.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for measuring the density of a plasma by determining an impulse response to a high-frequency signal coupled into a plasma. The density, electron temperature and/or collision frequency as a function of the impulse response can be determined. A probe having a probe head and a probe shaft can be introduced into the plasma, wherein the probe shaft is connected to a signal generator for electrically coupling a high-frequency signal into the probe head. The probe core is enclosed by the jacket and has at its surface mutually insulated electrode areas of opposite polarity. A balun is arranged at the transition between the probe head and an electrically unbalanced high-frequency signal feed to convert electrically unbalanced signals into balanced signals.

Abstract: A method for determining electric voltage u(t) and/or electric current i(t) of an RF signal in the time domain in a calibration plane, wherein by at least one directional coupler having two outputs and one signal input a first component of a first RF signal that runs from the signal input in the direction of the calibration plane, and a second component of a second RF signal that runs from the calibration plane in the direction of the signal input is decoupled. For a two-port error of the directional coupler, the error terms e00, e01, e10 and e11, are determined as a function of a frequency f and the signal values v1(t) and v2(t) are transformed into the frequency domain as wave quantities V1(f) and V2(f), and absolute wave quantities a1 and b1 in the frequency domain in the calibration plane are calculated from the wave quantities V1(f) and V2(f) by the error terms e00, e01, e10 and e11.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for measuring the density of a plasma by determining an impulse response to a high-frequency signal coupled into a plasma. The density, electron temperature and/or collision frequency as a function of the impulse response can be determined. A probe having a probe head and a probe shaft can be introduced into the plasma, wherein the probe shaft is connected to a signal generator for electrically coupling a high-frequency signal into the probe head. The probe core is enclosed by the jacket and has at its surface mutually insulated electrode areas of opposite polarity. A balun is arranged at the transition between the probe head and an electrically unbalanced high-frequency signal feed to convert electrically unbalanced signals into balanced signals.

Abstract: Described and shown is a dielectric antenna (1) having a dielectric feeding section (2), a first transition section (3) comprising a dielectric rod, a dielectric emitting section (5) and, a further, second transition section (4) forming a dielectric horn, wherein the feeding section (2) can be struck with electromagnetic radiation (6), electromagnetic radiation (6) can be guided with the first transition section (3) and the second transition section (4) and the electromagnetic radiation can be emitted from the emitting section (5) as airborne waves. The object of the present invention is to provide a dielectric antenna, which is adaptable as low-loss as possible to different mounting situations, which additionally is as low-reflection as possible and, at the same time is highly bundling. The object of the above-mentioned dielectric antenna is met in that the emitting section (5) is designed as dielectric tube connecting to the second transition section (4).

Abstract: Described and shown is a dielectric antenna (1) having a dielectric feeding section (2), a first transition section (3) comprising a dielectric rod, a dielectric emitting section (5) and, a further, second transition section (4) forming a dielectric horn, wherein the feeding section (2) can be struck with electromagnetic radiation (6), electromagnetic radiation (6) can be guided with the first transition section (3) and the second transition section (4) and the electromagnetic radiation can be emitted from the emitting section (5) as airborne waves. The object of the present invention is to provide a dielectric antenna, which is adaptable as low-loss as possible to different mounting situations, which additionally is as low-reflection as possible and, at the same time is highly bundling. The object of the above-mentioned dielectric antenna is met in that the emitting section (5) is designed as dielectric tube connecting to the second transition section (4).