Abstract: The present invention provides diagnostic methods, therapeutic methods, and compositions for the treatment of cancer (e.g., kidney cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)). The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that expression levels of one or more biomarkers described herein in a sample from an individual having cancer can be used in methods of predicting the therapeutic efficacy of treatment with a VEGF antagonist (e.g., an anti-VEGF antibody, (e.g., bevacizumab) or a VEGFR inhibitor (e.g., a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g., sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib, or cabozantinib))) and a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist (e.g., a PD-L1 binding antagonist (e.g., anti-PD-L1 antibody, e.g., atezolizumab (MPDL3280A)) or a PD-1 binding antagonist (e.g., anti-PD-1 antibody)), or with an angiogenesis inhibitor (e.g., a VEGF antagonist (e.g., a VEGFR inhibitor, (e.g., a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g., sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib, or cabozantinib)))).

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of cancers, such as a prostate cancer (e.g., castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)). More specifically, the invention concerns the treatment of human patients having a prostate cancer (e.g., CRPC, e.g., metastatic CRPC) with a combination therapy including an PD-1 axis binding antagonist and an antiandrogen.