Abstract: The inventive disclosure relates to a method for determining the optimal modes of operation for the operating assets in a portfolio of technical operating assets. With this method, portfolios of resources, particularly those that produce a non-monetary benefit, and in particular public sector network infrastructure, can be optimally operated in the long term. The method is based on the identification of possible combinations of modes of operation (rules) of the portfolio of all operating assets over their entire or remaining service life, and on a benefit and resource usage function defined at the portfolio level. The method results in the identification, for each respective reporting asset, of the mode of operation that either causes the maximum benefit with lowest total resource usage or that has the minimal resource usage to achieve a given benefit. A resource usage-benefit relationship can be derived for the total portfolio.

Abstract: A method and device characterize linear properties of an electrical component having n>1 ports. The linear properties of the component are described in a matrix relating a voltage applied to the ports to a current through the ports. A frequency dependence of the matrix is approximated to preserve eigenvalues of the matrix by a pole-residual model. The method includes: (a) obtaining a set of values of the matrix at discrete frequencies, and obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors for each value; (b) fitting a set of vector equations to the eigenvalues and eigenvectors with a first set of pole frequencies; and (c) calculating a second set of pole frequencies by a vector fitting process for all modes of an element of the matrix. Steps (b) and (c) are repeated using the second set of pole frequencies in step (c) in a subsequent step (b) until a stop condition is met.

Abstract: A method and device for determining the linear response of an electrical multi-port component has an “estimation procedure” in which an estimated admittance matrix is determined by applying voltages to the ports of the component and measuring the response of the component. The estimation procedure can e.g. consist of a conventional measurement of the admittance matrix. The method further has a “measurement procedure” in which several voltage patterns are applied to the port. The voltage patterns correspond to the eigenvectors of the estimated admittance matrix. For each applied voltage pattern, the response of the component is measured. This allows to measure the linear response of the component accurately even if the eigenvalues of the admittance matrix differ by several orders of magnitude.

Abstract: Residue perturbation is used for enforcing passivity of a linear response model of an electrical component having n>1 ports. According to an exemplary embodiment, a modal perturbation approach can be used, which allows weighted perturbation of the individual modes by the inverse of the corresponding eigenvalues. This provides superior results if the admittance or impedance matrix of the device has a large eigenvalue spread.

Abstract: Some of the embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for analyzing a substance, where the method includes subjecting the substance to a dynamic excitation to produce an observable response, and determining a characteristic quantity of the substance based on a correlation between the excitation and the response. The correlation between the excitation and the response is expressed by a parametric model for which a specific model structure with a finite number of unspecified parameters is preset. The determining a characteristic quantity of the substance includes calculating the parameters of the model from values of the excitation and the response in a time domain, determining from the calculated parameters a transfer function in a frequency range, and calculating the characteristic quantity directly from the transfer function. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: Residue perturbation is used for enforcing passivity of a linear response model of an electrical component having n>1 ports. According to an exemplary embodiment, a modal perturbation approach can be used, which allows weighted perturbation of the individual modes by the inverse of the corresponding eigenvalues. This provides superior results if the admittance or impedance matrix of the device has a large eigenvalue spread.

Abstract: Rational macromodeling of multiport devices is disclosed that can ensure high accuracy with arbitrary terminal conditions. This can be achieved by reformulating a vector fitting technique to fit eigenpairs rather than matrix elements, and weighting can be chosen equal to an inverse of an eigenvalue magnitude in order to achieve a relative accuracy criterion for the eigenvalue fit. The procedure can improve accuracy for cases with a large eigenvalue spread. Impedance characteristics of an adjacent network can be used to lessen the complexity of the fitting and to improve accuracy.

Abstract: To characterize an electrical component, namely a medium or high voltage transformer, electrical motor or generator, a two-step procedure is carried out. In a first step, a set of terminal configurations are applied to the terminals (p1, . . . , pn) of the component in order to obtain data describing the linear electrical response of the component to any pattern of voltages uk or currents ik applied to the terminals (p1, . . . , pn). Typically, such data is e.g. expressed in terms of an admittance matrix Y or impedance matrix Z or, by the set of current and voltage vectors (ik, uk). Using this data, the linear electrical response of the component 1 under a test terminal configuration can now be calculated in a second step. This procedure allows to determine the response under any desired test terminal configuration without the need to carry out the measurement under the test terminal configuration.

Abstract: Substance analysis based upon observed reponse to excitation described herein. When a substance is subjected to an excitation and a response is observed, a relational evaluation is made based on the concept that the parameters of a mathematical model may be determined, which emulate the relationship between the excitation and the response, and that characteristic substance properties are subsequently determined/calculated from the time series of estimated values of the mathematical model.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for analyzing substances during which a substance is subjected to an excitation and a corresponding response is observed. The evaluation ensues in such a manner that a parametric model for the correlation between the excitation and the response is predetermined. The model parameters are determined from values of the excitation and from observed values of the response in the time domain. The transfer function is calculated therefrom in the frequency range, and characteristic quantities of the substance are directly calculated from the transfer function.

Abstract: A method and device for determining the linear response of an electrical multi-port component has an “estimation procedure” in which an estimated admittance matrix is determined by applying voltages to the ports of the component and measuring the response of the component. The estimation procedure can e.g. consist of a conventional measurement of the admittance matrix. The method further has a “measurement procedure” in which several voltage patterns are applied to the port. The voltage patterns correspond to the eigenvectors of the estimated admittance matrix. For each applied voltage pattern, the response of the component is measured. This allows to measure the linear response of the component accurately even if the .eigenvalues of the admittance matrix differ by several orders of magnitude.

Abstract: Substance analysis based upon observed reponse to excitation described herein. When a substance is subjected to an excitation and a response is observed, a relational evaluation is made based on the concept that the parameters of a mathematical model may be determined, which emulate the relationship between the excitation and the response, and that characteristic substance properties are subsequently determined/calculated from the time series of estimated values of the mathematical model.

Abstract: The electrical insulator has an insulator body 3 which is fitted between an electrical conductor 1 and a grounded holder 2. The surface of the insulator is at least partially formed by a protective body 6. The material of the protective body has a low dielectric constant in comparison to that of the material of the insulator body 3. The protective body 6 prevents an electrically conductive particle 12 from coming to rest directly on the surface of the insulator body 3, in particular in the region of the triple points T, or causing a considerable increase in the field due to immediate proximity to the insulator body 3. The breakdown voltage of a gas-insulated system which contains such insulators provided with a protective body is increased. Gas-insulated systems can thus be made more compactly and more cheaply, and their life can be extended.

Abstract: The invention relates to a post insulator (4) whose surface (41, 51) is geometrically configured, in at least one area (4a) between an inner conductor (2) and encapsulation (3) for a gas-insulated switchgear assembly (1) such that surface discharge paths (6b) are provided between the inner conductor (2) and the encapsulation (3) and have a subsection in the opposite direction to the bridging direction (7). In consequence, surface discharges (6a) can be diverted in the opposite direction to an original propagation direction (7), and come to rest by self-blocking. Exemplary embodiments relate to: an indentation (4b) which is concave and is open toward the inner conductor (2) and/or toward the encapsulation (3) and is formed between a cup shaped barrier (5) and the base body (40) of the post insulator (4); diversion of surface discharges (6a) through up to 180° for efficient self blocking; and adhesive bonding (45) of the barrier (5) on a conventional post insulator (4).

Abstract: The invention relates to a post insulator (4) whose surface (41, 51) is geometrically configured, in at least one area (4a) between an inner conductor (2) and encapsulation (3) for a gas-insulated switchgear assembly (1) such that surface discharge paths (6b) are provided between the inner conductor (2) and the encapsulation (3) and have a subsection in the opposite direction to the bridging direction (7). In consequence, surface discharges (6a) can be diverted in the opposite direction to an original propagation direction (7), and come to rest by self-blocking. Exemplary embodiments relate to: an indentation (4b) which is concave and is open toward the inner conductor (2) and/or toward the encapsulation (3) and is formed between a cup shaped barrier (5) and the base body (40) of the post insulator (4); diversion of surface discharges (6a) through up to 180° for efficient self blocking; and adhesive bonding (45) of the barrier (5) on a conventional post insulator (4).

Abstract: The disconnector essentially comprises two isolating contacts (2), which are arranged in electrically conductive encapsulation (1) filled with insulating gas, and an isolating contact finger (3) arranged such that it can be moved between them. An insulation coating (7) is applied to the inside of the encapsulation (1) and has projections (8) pointing inward. The insulation coating prevents a disconnector spark (5), whose production cannot be avoided when the disconnector is opened, from flashing over onto the encapsulation (1). Furthermore, additional projections (9) prevent the spark from propagating in the direction of the isolating contacts (2).

Abstract: The disconnector essentially comprises two isolating contacts (2), which are arranged in electrically conductive encapsulation (1) filled with insulating gas, and an isolating contact finger (3) arranged such that it can be moved between them. An insulation coating (7) is applied to the inside of the encapsulation (1) and has projections (8) pointing inward.