Abstract: A method for operating a measurement system (100) comprises: generating a beam of electromagnetic radiation (25) directed along a central ray (27) using a radiation source (19); moving the radiation source (19) relative to an object region (35) so that the central ray (27) is directed onto a radiation detector (31) during the movement; wherein the moving of the radiation source (19) relative to the object region (35) comprises: rotating the radiation source (19) about a first axis of rotation (D1), wherein the radiation source (19) is disposed eccentrically to the first axis of rotation (D1); rotating the radiation source (19) about a second axis of rotation (D2), wherein the first axis of rotation (D1) and the second axis of rotation (D2) together enclose an acute angle (?) amounting to at most 80°.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for sulfonation of oleo-furan compounds derived from a furan moiety and either an individual fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids representative of those yielded from one or more plant oils. Additionally, this disclosure describes tuning sulfonation conditions to produce oleo-furan sulfonate blends which can demonstrate beneficial surfactant characteristics and improvements in various applications.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for sulfonation of oleo-furan compounds derived from a furan moiety and either an individual fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids representative of those yielded from one or more plant oils. Additionally, this disclosure describes tuning sulfonation conditions to produce oleo-furan sulfonate blends which can demonstrate beneficial surfactant characteristics and improvements in various applications.

Abstract: Compositions of furan based surfactants derived from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, as well as methods for forming furan based surfactants from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, are disclosed herein. These compositions and methods can utilize long-chain (e.g., C14-C26) unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, for instance unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid or methyl oleate from soybean oil, to derive oleo-furan surfactants. To facilitate this, certain such embodiments include reaction steps that cleave the reactant molecule (e.g., methyl oleate) at the double bond and subsequently oxidize products to form a carboxylic acid molecule and a dicarboxylic acid molecule. In such embodiments, these two acids can be subsequently acylated with furan and functionalized to form surfactants.

Abstract: Chemical compositions, and related methods for synthesizing furan, such as oleo-furan, surfactants, include calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations and one of a number of furan derivatives. Methods for synthesizing such furan surfactants containing calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations can include chemical reagents and purification procedures to prepare furan surfactants containing calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations. These furan surfactant compositions can be free of dioxane and ethoxylate.

Abstract: Chemical compositions, and related methods for synthesizing furan, such as oleo-furan, surfactants, include calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations and one of a number of furan derivatives. Methods for synthesizing such furan surfactants containing calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations can include chemical reagents and purification procedures to prepare furan surfactants containing calcium, magnesium, ammonium and/or lithium cations. These furan surfactant compositions can be free of dioxane and ethoxylate.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for forming furan based surfactants by reactive distillation are disclosed herein. Various embodiments can provide a consolidated reaction process that uses reactive distillation to synthesize oleo-furan surfactant molecules and intermediates by combining reaction and separation steps into a single reaction unit or a number of connected reaction units. The single reaction unit or a number of connected reaction units can include a catalyst bed and act to separate reaction side products at opposing ends of the unit or units.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds of the Formula 1 wherein A is an aromatic moiety; H is a hydrophobic group comprising a main alkyl chain having from about 3 to about 26 carbon atoms and comprising a C2 or greater alkyl chain branched from the main alkyl chain; and K is a hydrophilic group.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing oleo-furan surfactants from fatty aldehydes and compositions of furan based surfactants synthesized from such methods are disclosed. One method of forming a surfactant can include a hydroxyalkylation reaction of two methylfuran molecules with a fatty aldehyde molecule to form a di-furan product. This method can also include forming a surfactant from the di-furan product formed from the hydroxyalkylation. In particular, this di-furan product can be a surfactant precursor that is functionalized to form a surfactant.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing oleo-furan surfactants from fatty aldehydes and compositions of furan based surfactants synthesized from such methods are disclosed. One method of forming a surfactant can include a hydroxyalkylation reaction of two methylfuran molecules with a fatty aldehyde molecule to form a di-furan product. This method can also include forming a surfactant from the di-furan product formed from the hydroxyalkylation. In particular, this di-furan product can be a surfactant precursor that is functionalized to form a surfactant.

Abstract: Compositions of furan based surfactants derived from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, as well as methods for forming furan based surfactants from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, are disclosed herein. These compositions and methods can utilize long-chain (e.g., C14-C26) unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, for instance unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid or methyl oleate from soybean oil, to derive oleo-furan surfactants. To facilitate this, certain such embodiments include reaction steps that cleave the reactant molecule (e.g., methyl oleate) at the double bond and subsequently oxidize products to form a carboxylic acid molecule and a dicarboxylic acid molecule. In such embodiments, these two acids can be subsequently acylated with furan and functionalized to form surfactants.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for forming furan based surfactants by reactive distillation are disclosed herein. Various embodiments can provide a consolidated reaction process that uses reactive distillation to synthesize oleo-furan surfactant molecules and intermediates by combining reaction and separation steps into a single reaction unit or a number of connected reaction units. The single reaction unit or a number of connected reaction units can include a catalyst bed and act to separate reaction side products at opposing ends of the unit or units.

Abstract: Compositions of furan based surfactants derived from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, as well as methods for forming furan based surfactants from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, are disclosed herein. These compositions and methods can utilize long-chain (e.g., C14-C26) unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, for instance unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid or methyl oleate from soybean oil, to derive oleo-furan surfactants. To facilitate this, certain such embodiments include reaction steps that cleave the reactant molecule (e.g., methyl oleate) at the double bond and subsequently oxidize products to form a carboxylic acid molecule and a dicarboxylic acid molecule. In such embodiments, these two acids can be subsequently acylated with furan and functionalized to form surfactants.

Abstract: Compositions of furan based surfactants derived from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, as well as methods for forming furan based surfactants from unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, such as fatty acids, are disclosed herein. These compositions and methods can utilize long-chain (e.g., C14-C26) unsaturated carbon-containing molecules, for instance unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid or methyl oleate from soybean oil, to derive oleo-furan surfactants. To facilitate this, certain such embodiments include reaction steps that cleave the reactant molecule (e.g., methyl oleate) at the double bond and subsequently oxidize products to form a carboxylic acid molecule and a dicarboxylic acid molecule. In such embodiments, these two acids can be subsequently acylated with furan and functionalized to form surfactants.

Abstract: Methods that include acylating an aromatic containing compound by reacting the aromatic containing compound with an anhydride containing compound to form an acylated aromatic containing compound.

Abstract: Methods that include acylating an aromatic containing compound by reacting the aromatic containing compound with an anhydride containing compound to form an acylated aromatic containing compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds of the Formula 1 wherein A is an aromatic moiety; H is a hydrophobic group comprising a main alkyl chain having from about 3 to about 26 carbon atoms and comprising a C2 or greater alkyl chain branched from the main alkyl chain; and K is a hydrophilic group.