Abstract: A seal assembly includes: a seal element; a part to be sealed; and a measuring arrangement for monitoring an aging of the seal element. The seal element is held on the part so as to provide a contact stress between the seal element and the part. The seal element has a contact face with which the seal element bears against the part. At least one measuring component of the measuring arrangement is integrated in each case into the seal element and into the part. The contact face of the seal element has a surface geometry with depressions.

Abstract: A sealing assembly includes: a first machine element and a second machine element, which delimit a gap; and a sealing element arranged in the gap, the sealing element sealingly laying against the second machine element under an elastic bias, the sealing element having a first section and a second section, the first section coming into contact with a medium to be sealed off. The sealing element includes at least one sensor, the at least one sensor detecting a contact pressure exerted by the sealing element. The at least one sensor is associated with the second section.

Abstract: A seal assembly includes: a seal element; a part to be sealed; and a measuring arrangement for monitoring an aging of the seal element. The seal element is held on the part so as to provide a contact stress between the seal element and the part. The seal element has a contact face with which the seal element bears against the part. At least one measuring component of the measuring arrangement is integrated in each case into the seal element and into the part. The contact face of the seal element has a surface geometry with depressions.

Abstract: A spark plug for an internal combustion engine includes a ground electrode, a center electrode, an insulator, a housing, and a folded packing which is situated on an outer circumference of the housing. The folded packing has: a hollow profile in cross section; a free leg directed outwards; and a support region. The folded packing lies on a contact surface in a support region, and the free leg is situated at an angle to the support region. The folded packing is pressed together during the mounting of the spark plug, and the free leg of the folded packing is designed to bend over in the direction of the support surface during the mounting to provide a diameter enlargement of the folded packing.

Abstract: A spark plug for an internal combustion engine includes a ground electrode, a center electrode, an insulator, a housing, and a folded packing which is situated on an outer circumference of the housing. The folded packing has: a hollow profile in cross section; a free leg directed outwards; and a support region. The folded packing lies on a contact surface in a support region, and the free leg is situated at an angle to the support region. The folded packing is pressed together during the mounting of the spark plug, and the free leg of the folded packing is designed to bend over in the direction of the support surface during the mounting to provide a diameter enlargement of the folded packing.

Abstract: A dryer for the removal of moisture or solvents from fine specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals after their production, comprises a rotating drying compartment (2) which consists of at least one window (3), in operable relationship with an NIR probe (4) for measuring the moisture content of the product such as a specialty chemical or biological pharmaceutical contained in the closed drying compartment. The NIR probe (4) is positioned outside the drying compartment and is oriented through the at least one window (3) toward the product.

Abstract: A dryer for the removal of moisture or solvents from a product, comprises a rotating drying compartment as shown in FIG. 1 which consists of at least one window (3), in operable relationship with an NIR probe (4) for measuring the moisture content of the product such as a specialty chemical or biological pharmaceutical contained in the closed drying compartment, The NIR probe (4) is positioned outside the drying compartment and is oriented through the at least one window (3) toward the product. method for controlling the dryers' operation further comprising an NIR probe for measuring the moisture of the product being dried without the need for method for controlling the dryers' operation further comprising an NIR probe for measuring the moisture of the product being dried without contacting the product or interfering with the products' removal. contacting the product or interfering with the products' removal.

Abstract: There are described compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)-alkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.8)-alkanoyl, (C.sub.6 -C.sub.10)-aryl or Het, each of which can be substituted by halogen, --OH, --NH.sub.2, --NH--CO--R.sup.7, --O--CO--R.sup.7 and --N--(R.sup.8).sub.2 where R.sup.7 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl and R.sup.8, independently of one another, is hydrogen or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.2)-alkyl or in which R.sup.1 is the radical of the formula II ##STR2## in which n is an integer from 3 to 10, m is zero to 3, R.sup.6, independently of one another, is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by halogen or --NH--CO--R.sup.7, where R.sup.7 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl, and X is absent or is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)-alkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 or R.sup.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5) -alkyl, lithium, sodium, potassium or Si(R), where R=(C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing aromatic amines by reacting an aromatic nitro compound with carbon monoxide in a solvent mixture comprising water and a water-insoluble organic solvent by means of a catalyst comprising palladium and a water-soluble phosphine under a pressure of from 5 to 300 bar and at a temperature of from 50 to 200.degree. C., and separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase.

Abstract: Phosphepinium Salts ThereofThe present invention relates to phosphonium salts of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which Ar--Ar is a biphenyl radical, a 1-phenylnaphthyl radical or a 1,1'-binaphthyl radical, each CH.sub.2 group is arranged in the ortho position to the Ar--Ar bond, R is F, an alkyl radical or an alkoxy radical respectively having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 0 to 4, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and, independently of each other, are an alkyl radical having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloaliphatic radical having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or are a radical Ar.sup.1 --(R.sup.3).sub.m, where Ar.sup.1 is a phenyl or naphthyl radical, R.sup.3 is F, Cl, CF.sub.3, SO.sub.3 H, SO.sub.3 Me (Me.dbd.Li, Na or K), a dialkylamino radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl radical or an alkoxy radical respectively having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and m is an integer from 0 to 5, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.

Abstract: Imidobisphosphoric acids, process for their preparation, and use thereof.There are described compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)-alkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.8)-alkanoyl, (C.sub.6 -C.sub.10)-aryl or Het, each of which can be substituted by halogen, --OH, --NH.sub.2, --NH--CO--R.sup.7, --O--CO--R.sup.7 and --N--(R.sup.8).sub.2 where R.sup.7 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl and R.sup.8, independently of one another, is hydrogen or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl or in which R.sup.1 is the radical of the formula II ##STR2## in which n is an integer from 3 to 10, m is zero to 3, R.sup.6, independently of one another, is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by halogen or --NH--CO--R.sup.7, where R.sup.7 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)-alkyl, and X is absent or is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)-alkyl, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 or R.sup.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)-alkyl, lithium, sodium, potassium or Si(R), where R=(C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: Phosphines of the formula (I) and the preparation of these phosphines ##STR1## where Ar--Ar is a biphenyl radical, a 1-phenylnaphthyl radical or a 1,1'-binaphthyl radical, the CH.sub.2 group and the CH.sub.3 radical are each in the ortho position to the Ar--Ar bond, R is F, an alkyl radical or alkoxy radical each having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 0 to 4, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another, are an alkyl radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloaliphatic radical having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or a radical Ar.sup.1 -(R.sup.3).sub.m, where Ar.sup.1 is a phenyl or naphthyl radical, R.sup.3 is F, Cl, CF.sub.3, SO.sub.3 H, SO.sub.3 Me (Me=Li, Na or K), a dialkylamino radical having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl radical or alkoxy radical each having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and m is an integer from 0 to 5, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the phosphorus atom form a 4-membered to 8-membered ring to which can be fused.

Abstract: A diphosphine of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which Ar--Ar is a biphenyl radical, a 1-phenyl-naphthyl radical or a 1,1'-binaphthyl radical, the CH.sub.2 groups am each located in the ortho-position relative to the Ar--Ar bond, R is F or an alkyl radical or alkoxy radical having in each case 1 to 8 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 0 to 4, the radicals PR.sup.1 R.sup.2 and PR.sup.3 R.sup.4 differ from one another, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently of one another are each an alkyl radical having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloaliphatic radical having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or a radical Ar.sup.1 --(R.sup.5).sub.m, in which AR.sup.1 is a phenyl radical, R.sup.5 is F, CF.sub.3, or an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and m is 0 to 1, or R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.

Abstract: The present invention relates to sulfonated diphosphines of the formula (I) ##STR1## where M is hydrogen, ammonium, a monovalent metal or the equivalent of a polyvalent metal, a, b, c and d are each 0 or 1, with the proviso that a+b+c+d is an integer from 1 to 4, Ar is an m-(MSO.sub.3)--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 radical and M is as defined above, n is 0, 1 or 2, Ph is a phenyl radical, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are each an alkyl radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a cycloaliphatic radical having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms in the ring, and a process for their preparation.

Abstract: Compounds of the tautomeric formula Ia, Ib or Ic, ##STR1## where R is a radical of the formula ##STR2## are effective compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of degenerative bone disorders. They are used as pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: Guanidinealkyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives, process for their preparation and their useCompounds of the tautomeric formula Ia, Ib or Ic, ##STR1## where R is a radical of the formula ##STR2## are effective compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of degenerative bone disorders. They are used as pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: Compounds of the tautomeric formula Ia, Ib or Ic, ##STR1## where R is a radical of the formula ##STR2## are effective compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of degenerative bone disorders. They are used as pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: Substituted aminoethane-1,1-bisphosphonic acids and aminoethane-1,1-alkylphosphinophosphonic acids, processes for their preparation and use thereofThe invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are a hydrogen atom or (C.sub.5 -C.sub.5)-alkyl, m is the integer 0 or 1, x is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)-alkyl, mono- or polysubstituted, a 5- or 6-membered ring having one nitrogen atom and optionally a further nitrogen or oxygen atom; aryl having 6 or 10 carbon atoms, which can be substituted; or cycloalkyl, to processes for the preparation of the compound of the formula I; to pharmaceuticals, and to their use for the treatment of osteoporosis and degenerative joint diseases.

Abstract: The invention relates to alkenylaminoalkane-1,1-diphosphonic acid derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 to R.sup.5, a, b, and Z have the meaning given in the description and to processes for their preparation. The invention furthermore relates to copolymers comprising 0.1-50 mol %, preferably 1-15 mol %, of at least one alkenylaminoalkane-1,1-diphosphonate unit of the formula I and 99.9-50 mol %, preferably 99-85 mol %, of at least one carboxylic acid unit of the formula IIR.sup.6 R.sup.7 C=CR.sup.8 Y (II)in which R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and Y have the meaning given in the description and to processes for their preparation. These copolymers are used as scale inhibitors, as alkaline earth metal and heavy metal complexing agents and/or sequestering agents and as builders or co-builders in detergents.

Abstract: The invention describes tautomeric compounds of the formula Ia, Ib or Ic ##STR1## and/or their physiologically tolerable salts, in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are a hydrogen atom, substituted (C.sub.1 -C.sub.7)-alkyl, (C.sub.3 -C.sub.10)-cycloalkyl, substituted phenyl or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkylphenyl, R.sup.2 is substituted phosphoric acid, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, R.sup.2 and R.sup.5 or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 form a monocyclic 5- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring which is mono- or polysubstituted, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 are a hydrogen atom or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)-alkyl, X is a hydrogen atom, hydroxyl or halogen, l and n are an integer from 0 to 7, m is an integer from 0 to 2, and the sum of the numbers l, m and n is less than or equal to 10, a process for the preparation of the compounds of the formula Ia, Ib or Ic, pharmaceuticals and their use for the prophylaxis or treatment of osteoporosis.