Abstract: The invention disclosed generally relates to a heat exchange system comprising an outer tube, an inner tube generally located within the outer tube and comprising a longitudinal axis running along the length of the inner tube, and a fixed elongate member located within the inner tube and comprising a longitudinal axis running along the length of the elongate member. The inner tube is mounted on a rotational drive system to rotate the inner tube about its longitudinal axis. The system further includes at least one inlet and at least one outlet. One or more projecting members project from an outer surface of the elongate member, an outer surface of the inner tube or an inner surface of the outer tube.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a system and process for the equalization of pressures of a flow stream across one or more valves is provided. A process circuit having clean non-abrasive fluid and at least one slave cylinder for transmitting pressure to a process flow stream is employed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a system and process for the equalization of pressures of a flow stream across one or more valves is provided. A process circuit having clean non-abrasive fluid and at least one slave cylinder fbr transmitting pressure to a process flow stream is employed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a system and process for the equalization of pressures of a flow stream across one or more valves is provided. A process circuit having clean non-abrasive fluid and at least one slave cylinder for transmitting pressure to a process flow stream is employed.

Abstract: A flow wood processing extracting lignin from woody plant material and converting delignified cellulosic residue to crude bio-oils, that removes toxic preservative chemicals from waste timber, and provides conversion to useful or nontoxic forms. Wood is chipped and fed into a lignin extractor using ethanol at high temperatures to dissolve the lignin with counter current material contactors, heat exchangers, and a computer control system. Most of preservative chemicals likely precipitate out at this stage as a heavy sludge that can be removed. Ethanol containing dissolved lignin is removed from the lignin extractor, the dissolved lignin recovered, the ethanol recycled into the lignin extractor, and residual heat returned to the process. Delignified cellulosic pulp is removed from the lignin extractor and subjected to a milling to convert into a smooth sludge for entry to a bio-convertor by a super critical water process. The residue is prepared as a high phosphate fertilizer.

Abstract: A continuous flow wood processing technology for extracting lignin from woody plant material and converting the delignified cellulosic residue to crude bio-oils is provided. Wood is chipped before processing starts and fed into a lignin extractor. The lignin extractor uses ethanol at high temperatures to dissolve the lignin with counter current material contactors. The ethanol containing dissolved lignin is removed from the lignin extractor, the dissolved lignin recovered, the ethanol and residual heat being recycled into the lignin extractor. The delignified cellulosic pulp is removed from the lignin extractor and subjected to a milling operation to convert the pulp into a smooth sludge for entry to a bio-convertor by a super critical water process. The product from this convertor is hydrocarbon sludge with a principal component being a kerogen. In a separate process crude oil is extracted from this sludge and the residue is prepared as a high phosphate Fertilizer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the recomposition and conversion of biomasses to alternative petrochemical feedstock are herein disclosed. According to one embodiment, a process involves reducing the particle size of at least one constituent of a biomass feedstock, removing at least one constituent from the biomass feedstock and adding at least one constituent to the biomass feedstock.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a system and process for the equalization of pressures of a flow stream across one or more valves is provided. A process circuit having clean non-abrasive fluid and at least one slave cylinder for transmitting pressure to a process flow stream is employed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a process for treating an organic feedstock is disclosed. The organic feedstock including a convertible component is preprocessed to increase the concentration of the convertible component. The organic feedstock is processed to convert at least a portion of the convertible component to a fuel and the fuel is extracted from the organic feedstock.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and process for treating a raw material to reduce the level of a contaminant in the raw material or to form a raw product that can be used to produce a fuel. The system and process include means for pressurising a pumpable feedstock comprising the raw material to a pressure of between 100 and 350 bar, preferably using indirect pressurising means; heating the feedstock to a temperature of between 250° C. and 400° C. within a processing vessel to form a pressurised raw product stream; cooling the raw product stream within the processing vessel to an ambient or near ambient temperature; then depressurising the raw product stream before discharging the raw product from the system.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of producing extracts from the seeds of meadowfoam, brassicas and crambe plants. A number of subsidiary processes and steps are shown in order to extract differing fractions of oil. Products produced from the above method are also described including uses and methods of these products which include a variety of skin conditions including eczema, facial eczema, dermatitis, external ulcers, welts, rashes, insect bites, allergic reactions and other irritations, burns, wounds, psoriasis, acneiform eruptions, dryness, dry skin, irritation, skin atrophy, secondary infections and the like. The extracts are also described as being a useful compound for treatment of the symptoms of such skin conditions as described above. In particular the use and extraction of glucosinolate (GSL), thiocyanates (TCL) and isothiocyanates (ITCL) is described.