Abstract: The invention relates to a particulate material and processes for the preparation thereof. The particulate material consists of a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles comprise a porous particle framework comprising micropores and/or mesopores. The total pore volume of micropores and mesopores as measured by gas adsorption is in the range from 0.4 to 2.2 cm3/g. The composite particles comprise a plurality of electroactive material domains and a plurality of modifier material domains disposed within the internal pore volume of the porous particle framework. At least a portion of the modifier material domains are located between adjacent electroactive material domains.

Abstract: The invention relates to a particulate material and processes for the preparation thereof. The particulate material consists of a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles comprise a porous particle framework comprising micropores and/or mesopores. The total pore volume of micropores and mesopores as measured by gas adsorption is in the range from 0.4 to 2.2 cm3/g. The composite particles comprise a plurality of electroactive material domains and a plurality of modifier material domains disposed within the internal pore volume of the porous particle framework. At least a portion of the modifier material domains are located between adjacent electroactive material domains.

Abstract: This invention relates to a particulate material consisting of a plurality of composite particles comprising a porous particle framework and a plurality of nanoscale elemental silicon domains located within the pores of the porous particle framework. The porous particle framework comprises micropores and mesopores, wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is from 0.5 to 1.8 cm3/g. The composite particles comprise from 30 to 70 wt % silicon, wherein at least 30 wt % of the silicon is surface silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); no more than 1.2 wt % of hydrogen; and have a weight ratio of oxygen to silicon of no more than 0.15. The BET surface area of the composite particles is no more than 40 m2/g.

Abstract: This invention relates to a particulate material consisting of a plurality of composite particles comprising a porous particle framework and a plurality of nanoscale elemental silicon domains located within the pores of the porous particle framework. The porous particle framework comprises micropores and mesopores, wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is from 0.5 to 1.8 cm3/g. The composite particles comprise from 30 to 70 wt % silicon, wherein at least 30 wt % of the silicon is surface silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); no more than 1.2 wt % of hydrogen; and have a weight ratio of oxygen to silicon of no more than 0.15. The BET surface area of the composite particles is no more than 40 m2/g.

Abstract: The invention relates to a particulate material and processes for the preparation thereof. The particulate material consists of a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles comprise a porous particle framework comprising micropores and/or mesopores. The total pore volume of micropores and mesopores as measured by gas adsorption is in the range from 0.4 to 2.2 cm3/g. The composite particles comprise a plurality of electroactive material domains and a plurality of modifier material domains disposed within the internal pore volume of the porous particle framework. At least a portion of the modifier material domains are located between adjacent electroactive material domains.

Abstract: This invention relates a process for preparing composite particles. The process comprises a first step of providing a plurality of porous particles comprising micropores and/or mesopores, wherein the total pore volume of micropores and mesopores as measured by nitrogen gas adsorption is in the range from 0.4 to 2.2 cm3/g. The porous particles are contacted with a precursor of an electroactive material at a temperature effective to cause deposition of the electroactive material in the pores of the porous particles to form intermediate particles. Deposition of the electroactive material is discontinued and by-products are optionally separated from the intermediate particles. The intermediate particles are then contacted with a precursor of an electroactive material, at a temperature effective to cause further deposition of the electroactive material in the pores of the intermediate particles to form the composite particles.

Abstract: This invention relates to particulate electroactive materials consisting of a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous carbon framework including micropores and mesopores having a total volume of 0.5 to 1.5 cm3/g; and (b) silicon located at least within the micropores of the porous carbon framework. The porous carbon framework is an activated carbon material obtained by the pyrolysis of a plant source comprising at least 25 wt% lignin on a dry weight basis followed by activation with steam or carbon dioxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to particulate electroactive materials consisting of a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous carbon framework including micropores and mesopores having a total volume of 0.5 to 1.5 cm3/g; and (b) silicon located at least within the micropores of the porous carbon framework in a defined amount relative to the volume of the micropores and mesopores. At least 20 wt % of the silicon is characterized as surface silicon by thermogravimetric analysis.

Abstract: An electrode for a metal-ion battery is provided wherein the active layer of the electrode comprises a plurality of porous particles comprising an electroactive material selected from silicon, germanium, tin, aluminium and mixtures thereof and a plurality of carbon particles selected from one or more of graphite, soft carbon and hard carbon. The ratio of the D50 particles size of the carbon particles to the D50 particle diameter of the porous particles is in the range of from 1.5 to 30. Also provided are rechargeable metal-ion batteries comprising said electrode and compositions of porous particles and carbon particles which may be used to prepare the active layer of said electrode.

Abstract: An electrode for a metal-ion battery is provided wherein the active layer of the electrode comprises a plurality of porous particles comprising an electroactive material selected from silicon, germanium, tin, aluminium and mixtures thereof and a plurality of carbon particles selected from one or more of graphite, soft carbon and hard carbon. The ratio of the D50 particles size of the carbon particles to the D50 particle diameter of the porous particles is in the range of from 1.5 to 30. Also provided are rechargeable metal-ion batteries comprising said electrode and compositions of porous particles and carbon particles which may be used to prepare the active layer of said electrode.

Abstract: A lubricant composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an oil-soluble branched-chain hydrocarbyl-substituted arenesulfonic acid salt, wherein the arenesulfonic moiety has at least one hydrocarbyl substituent which is a highly branched group as defined by having a Chi(0)/Shadow XY ratio greater than about 0.180, exhibits good dynamic frictional performance.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity, an additive containing a polymeric backbone and at least one amino group. The invention further provides for the additive to have dispersant and/or dispersant viscosity modifying properties. The lubricating composition is suitable for lubricating an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An overbased alkylated arylalkyl sulfonate is easy to prepare and is useful as a detergent in various lubricant applications.

Abstract: An interpolymer composition comprising monomer-derived units of (i) at least one of an aliphatic olefin containing from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and a vinyl aromatic monomer, and (ii) at least one alpha, beta-unsaturated acylating agent; wherein a portion of said acylating agent monomers is esterified and wherein a portion of said acylating agent monomers is condensed with at least one aromatic amine, provides good viscosity modification and dispersancy performance.

Abstract: Reaction of a carboxylic acid-containing polymer with certain aromatic amines results in dispersant viscosity modifiers with improved soot handling performance in heavy-duty diesel engines, compared with reaction with non-aromatic amines.

Abstract: Reaction of a carboxylic acid-containing polymer with certain aromatic amines results in dispersant viscosity modifiers with improved soot handling performance in heavy-duty diesel engines, compared with reaction with non-aromatic amines.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity, an additive containing a polymeric backbone and at least one amino group. The invention further provides for the additive to have dispersant and/or dispersant viscosity modifying properties. The lubricating composition is suitable for lubricating an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Reaction of a carboxylic acid-containing polymer with certain aromatic amines results in dispersant viscosity modifiers with improved soot handling performance in heavy-duty diesel engines, compared with reaction with non-aromatic amines.

Abstract: A composition of the reaction product of (a) an isobutylene-diene copolymer having thereon groups containing carboxylic acid functionality or reactive equivalent thereof, derived from an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic compound; and (b) an amine component comprising at least one aromatic amine containing at least one N—H group capable of condensing with said carboxylic acid functionality, is a useful dispersant viscosity modifier.

Abstract: A lubricant composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an oil-soluble branched-chain hydrocarbyl-substituted arenesulfonic acid salt, wherein the arenesulfonic moiety has at least one hydrocarbyl substituent which is a highly branched group as defined by having a Chi(0)/Shadow XY ratio greater than about 0.180, exhibits good dynamic frictional performance.