Abstract: A charge pump is configured to control current flow at an output node in response to input signals. A plurality of control signals are generated based upon the input signals. The control signals operate to control the timing and duration of current flows within the charge pump and to thereby reduce charge pump power consumption. Based upon the control signals, the conductivity of a first path between a power supply and the output node and a second path between the output node and a ground potential is varied. Optionally, the charge pump is disposed as part of a phase-locked loop (PLL), the input signals are produced by a phase/frequency detector, and current flow at the output node controls an oscillator element.

Abstract: A filter capacitor within a phase-locked loop (PLL) can be tested using a built-in test circuit. The PLL's charge pump is deactivated while a test-current source is activated to supply a test current to the PLL filter capacitor. When the test current is larger than any leakage currents through the capacitor, the capacitor's voltage rises above a reference voltage. A test comparator compares the capacitor's voltage to the reference voltage and signals a good test result when the capacitor's voltage rises above the reference voltage. When leakage current is larger than the test current, the capacitor's voltage cannot rise above the reference voltage and the test comparator signal a leakage failure. The test current source can share a bias voltage with the charge pump and can drive the capacitor to a voltage higher than the charge pump does to increase leakage and stress during testing.

Abstract: A differential input buffer shows reduced sensitivity to input conditions such as input-trace loading and upstream driver characteristics. Varying input conditions can be measured as differences in amplitude, slew rate, and common-mode offset. Wide input-voltage swings are clamped to a limited voltage range by an input clamp circuit that uses source followers to drive p-channel clamp transistors that turn off when the input voltage is too low. A voltage divider then sets the lowest voltage input to a differential stage. The differential stage receives the clamped inputs and has two tail current sinks to reduce delay sensitivity to charging and discharging of tail capacitances. A middle voltage is applied to transistors opposite the differential transistors that receive the clamped input voltages. A bias voltage for the tail current sinks is generated by mirroring currents and setting a gate voltage by injecting and removing a same bias current from a resistor.

Abstract: A phase-locked loop (PLL) or a delay-locked loop (DLL) has differential delay stages with differential outputs driving differential clock inputs to a pair of differential toggle flip-flops. One flip-flop changes state on the rising edge and the other on the falling edge of the true output from the delay stage. Differential-to-single-ended buffers convert differential flip-flop outputs to single-ended multi-phase clocks. To avoid erratic or multiple oscillation and overtones, fewer than eight and preferably four differential delay stages are used. The delay stages are arranged in a twisted-ring with the differential outputs of the last delay stage crossed over and fed back to the differential inputs of the first delay stage. Tail currents of the delay stages can be adjusted by a voltage generated by a PLL loop. The differential toggle flip-flops allow for many taps or clock phases to be generated from the few delay stages.

Abstract: A clock generator has a duty cycle correction circuit that adjusts the duty cycle to 50%. A modulator is an inverter with extra source-limiting transistors in series to the power and ground supplies. A control voltage of about Vcc/2 is applied to the source-limiting transistors, causing them to operate in the linear region with limited current. A slow-slew output from the modulator is buffered by a driver. The driver output is filtered by a linear detector with a series resistor and input capacitor. The detector output is compared to a reference voltage of Vcc/2 by an error amp. The error amp generates the control voltage fed back to the modulator. An output capacitor creates a dominant pole with the error amp to ensure stability. A variable-threshold gate can be added between the driver output and the detector to separately adjust the measurement threshold voltage from the reference voltage to the error amp.

Abstract: A more accurate charge pump reduces phase error in a PLL. An UP input pulse causes a p-channel drive transistor to charge a filter capacitor on the output, while a down DN input pulse causes an n-channel drive transistor to discharge the output. The drive transistors are connected to power or ground through a supply transistor. The supply transistor is biased on in the linear region and is not switched off. The sources of the drive transistors are always driven by the supply transistors, preventing phase error from floating sources. The drive transistors are common-gate switches with their gates biased by a compensating bias generator. The p-channel drive transistor current variations with Vds are compensated by providing a similar current variation to the n-channel drive transistor. Thus the bias is adjusted to compensate for drain-source voltage changes that can cause the up and down currents from the drive transistors to mismatch.

Abstract: A ring-style, multi-stage VCO of a phase lock loop circuit includes two or more differential amplifier stages. The phase lock loop includes a lowpass filter connected between a control voltage terminal and a voltage-to-current converter stage, which includes a first source-follower MOS transistor M1 with a source resistor R1 and a diode-connected MOS transistor M2 connected to its drain terminal. A current-source MOS transistor M8 has a gate terminal connected to the drain of the first MOS transistor M1 such that the transistor M8 mirrors current of transistor M1. A diode-connected transistor M9 has its gate terminal and its drain terminal connected together and also to the drain terminal of transistor M8. A differential amplifier stage includes a current-source MOS transistor M10 having a gate terminal connected to the drain of the first MOS transistor M1 to current mirror the drain current of M1.

Abstract: A ring-style, multi-stage VCO of a phase lock loop circuit includes two or more differential amplifier stages. The phase lock loop includes a lowpass filter connected between a control voltage terminal and a voltage-to-current converter stage, which includes a first source-follower MOS transistor M1 with a source resistor R1 and a second diode-connected MOS transistor M2 connected to its drain terminal. A differential amplifier stage includes a current-source MOS transistor M10 having a gate terminal connected to the drain of the first MOS transistor M1 to current mirror the drain current of M1. The differential amplifier stage also includes a pair of MOS transistors M4 and M5 connected to the drain terminal of the current-source MOS transistor M10. The gate terminal of MOS transistor M4 is an IN terminal and the gate terminal of MOS transistor M5 is an IN.sub.-- terminal. The drain terminal of MOS transistor M4 provides an OUT.sub.

Abstract: A current limiting circuit wherein a first transistor has an input terminal coupled to a power source, an output terminal coupled to a node which supplies current to the rest of the system, and a control terminal coupled to a source of clock pulses for flowing current from the power source into the node in response to the clock pulses. A second transistor has an input terminal coupled to the power source, an output terminal coupled to the node, and a control terminal coupled to the clock supply and to a current control signal circuit for flowing a second current into the node in response to the clock pulses when a prescribed current control signal is applied to the control terminal. The current which flows through the first transistor is significantly less than the current which flows through the second transistor.

Abstract: A voltage sensing circuit wherein voltages that appear at first and second sensing nodes are converted into first and second currents which are proportional to their respective voltages. A comparing circuit compares the first current to the second current and generates a difference current proportional to the difference between the magnitudes of the two currents. A rectifier circuit rectifies the difference current, and the difference current is added to a reference current. The combined current is applied to the first input terminal of a comparator. The second input terminal of the comparator is coupled to a reference voltage, and the comparator indicates when the voltage created from the combined currents exceeds the reference voltage.

Abstract: A current sensing circuit includes a pair of power devices connected in parallel. The mirror terminal of the first power device is coupled to a small sense resistance, and the mirror terminal of the second power device is connected to a large sense resistance. Each mirror terminal is coupled to its own comparator. Small currents are sensed by the comparator coupled to the mirror terminal of the first power device, and large currents are sensed by the comparator coupled to the mirror terminal of the second power device. If multiple mirror terminals are not available, a large sense resistance may be connected to the mirror terminal of the power device, and a small sense resistance may be selectively connected in parallel with the large resistance to provide low current-sensing capabilities. Accuracy of the device is enhanced by circuitry which minimizes the effect of integrated impedance variation and a variation in the low sense resistances.