Abstract: A divided electrochemical cell assembly comprises stacked bipolar substantially square parallel planar electrodes and membranes. The corners and edges of the electrodes with bordering insulative spacers in juxtaposition with the chamber walls define four electrolyte circulation manifolds. Anolyte and catholyte channeling means permit the separate introduction of anolyte and catholyte into two of the manifolds and the withdrawal of anolyte and catholyte separately from at least two other manifolds. The electrodes and membranes are separated from one another by the insulative spacers which are also channeling means disposed to provide electrolyte channels across the interfaces of adjacent electrodes and membranes.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell assembly comprises stacked bipolar substantially square parallel planar electrodes. The corners and edges of the electrodes with bordering insulative spacers in juxtaposition with the chamber walls define four electrolyte circulation manifolds. Electrolyte channelling means permit the introduction of electrolyte into one or two of the manifolds and the withdrawal of electrolyte from at least one other manifold. The electrodes are separated from one another by the insulative spacers which are also channelling means disposed to provide electrolyte channels across the interfaces of adjacent electrodes.

Abstract: A non-competing gas is injected into an electrolytic cell to reduce the accumulation of competing gas at one of the electrode surfaces thereby to increase the efficiency of the cell.

Abstract: An improvement in the process of electrohydrodimerizing acrylonitrile to adiponitrile wherein cadmium-plated cathodes, which are employed in the process as a part of an electrolytic cell, are pretreated by contacting the cathode surface with an oxidizing agent comprising peroxide.

Abstract: The product 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol of electrolytic reductive coupling of hydroxybenzaldehyde is recovered by maintaining the electrolyte solution at a pH at which the product diol 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol, precipitates out leaving the hydroxybenzaldehyde in solution, and continuously or intermittently filtering to collect the product diol.

Abstract: The product 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol of electrolytic reductive coupling of hydroxybenzaldehyde is recovered by purging the electrolyte solution and extracting the 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol, leaving a product extraction residue which may be used as an essential portion of the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method of carrying out an electrochemical reaction comprises setting up a fluidized bed of particles at least some of which have at least their surfaces conducting or semi-conducting, using upwardly flowing liquid electrolyte, with or without reactant liquid, for the purpose, and applying a voltage gradient across at least a portion of said fluidized bed of particles, the size of particles, the conductivity of and rate of flow of the said electrolyte and/or reactant liquid and the voltage gradient being such that not only are anodic and cathodic faces established in respect of each of some of the at least partly conducting particles but the electropotentials on said faces on substantially each bipolar particle are such that said electrochemical reaction takes place on at least some of said bipolar particles but only on one portion of the surfaces thereon of said particles.