Abstract: Aqueous industrial, recreational, and drilling systems comprising a biofilm deactivation agent consisting essentially of one or more alkylamines. The biofilm deactivation agent has a “minimum biofilm deactivation concentration” (“MBEC”) of about 200 ppm or less. In a preferred embodiment, the biofilm deactivation agent consists essentially of primary alkylamines having from about 12 to about 14 carbon atoms, and a MBEC of about 50 ppm or less, most preferably about 30 ppm or less. A most preferred embodiment comprises a synergistic combination of specific quaternary ammonium salts with a primary alkylamine having from about 12 to about 14 carbon atoms. The invention also relates to the method of treating an aqueous system with these biofilm deactivation agents, either alone, or in the presence of an oxidizing agent for static control.

Abstract: Methods for disinfecting surfaces and for sanitizing bodies of water using a single-feed, bromine-based biocide are described. These methods use concentrated liquid biocide compositions comprising biocidally active bromine as the biocide. Also described is a process of producing the concentrated liquid biocide composition: mixed together are (a) bromine chloride and (b) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid having a pH of at least about 7, in amounts such that (i) the active bromine content of the composition is at least about 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine in the composition is greater than 0.93. Use of bromine chloride as the source of the active bromine in the process is advantageous because in the resulting aqueous compositions, all of the bromine of the bromine chloride is made available as active bromine in solution.

Abstract: A water soluble dialkylhydantoin and a source of bromide ion are added to a body of water needing sanitization. This is followed by contacting the body of water with an oxidizing agent, which creates biocidal species in situ in the body of water.

Abstract: The process involves (a) continuously forming bromine chloride from separate feed streams of bromine and chlorine by maintaining said streams under automatic feed rate control whereby the streams are continuously proportioned to come together in equimolar amounts to form bromine chloride; (b) continuously forming an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7, and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine greater than 0.93:1 by continuously feeding into mixing apparatus separate feed streams of (1) bromine chloride formed in (a), and (2) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, under automatic feed rate control whereby the feed streams are continuously proportioned to come together in amounts that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7, and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (1) and (2) greater than 0.

Abstract: Operating efficiency of an electrobromination device providing disinfectant to an aqueous medium such as a swimming pool, spa, or water-cooled refrigeration unit is achieved by passing electric current across an undivided cell through which is flowing an aqueous medium containing bromide ions and a nitrogen-containing electrobromination-enhancing adjuvant such that bromide ions are electrolytically oxidized to bromine in the aqueous medium under conditions enabling formation in situ of hypobromous acid, dissociated hypobromous acid, or both.

Abstract: Described is a process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide formulation. Mixed together are (a) bromine chloride or bromine and (b) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid having a pH of at least about 7, in amounts such that (i) the active bromine content of the solution is at least about 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (a) and (b) is greater than 1 when bromine is used and is greater than 0.93 when bromine chloride is used. Use of bromine chloride as the source of the active bromine in the process is preferred because in the resulting aqueous compositions, all of the bromine of the bromine chloride is made available as active bromine in solution. In other words, the chlorine of the bromine chloride is converted in the process to dissolved alkali metal chloride salt, thereby liberating all of the bromine as the active bromine content of the biocidal composition.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are described wherein a styrenic polymer is rendered flame retardant by incorporation therein before, during or after its formation, a combination of (a) at least one organic phosphorus additive that (i) is halogen-free, and (ii) is composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus, and optionally and preferably one or more of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and (b) elemental sulfur; in proportions such that (i) the sulfur content from b) is less than 2 percent by weight of the weight of the styrenic polymer plus the weight of a) and b), and (ii) the styrenic polymer plus ingredients a) and b) can provide test specimens which exhibit an LOI of at least 24 if tested in accordance with ASTM Standard Test Method D 2863-87.

Abstract: Novel polyurethane-ureas having superior high temperature performance are prepared by reacting an isomeric mixture of 3,5-di(methylthio)-2,6-diaminotoluene and 3,5-di(methylthio)-2,4-diaminotoluene with an alkyl-substituted aromatic diisocyanate prepolymer having a free --NCO content of 0.1-20% by weight, produced by the reaction of a mixture of 2,4- and alkyl-substituted 2,6-aryl diisocyanates with a polyether glycol. The polyurethane prepolymers have a free --NCO content of 2-10% by weight and contain from about 3 to about 20 weight percent of the polyether. These elastomers have good dynamic properties, such as resilience, that make them attractive as roller materials.

Abstract: Aromatic diamines having one or two benzene rings, two ar-N-methylamino substituents, and ar-alkyl substituents in all positions ortho to the amino substituents are novel compounds which can be used in the preparation of polyurethanes, polyureas, polyurethane-urea polymers, and epoxy resins.

Abstract: Aromatic diimines having one or two benzene rings, two ar-imino substituents corresponding to the formula --N.dbd.CH.sub.2, and ar-alkyl substituents in all positions ortho to the imino substituents are novel compounds which can be used in the preparation of polyurethanes, polyureas, polyurethane-urea polymers, and epoxy resins.

Abstract: Novel polyurethanes having superior high temperature performance are prepared by reacting 3,5-di(methylthio)2,6-diaminotoluene with a toluenediisocyanate prepolymer having a free --NCO content of 0.1-20% by weight, preferably a toluenediisocyanate/polyether glycol prepolymer having a free --NCO content of 2-7% by weight. The elastomers have good dynamic properties, such as resilience, that make them attractive as tire-forming materials.

Abstract: Sterically hindered 1,3-diaminocyclohexanes which can be used in the preparation of polyurethane, polyurea, polyurethaneurea, and epoxy resins are prepared by hydrogenating a metaphenylenediamine having alkyl substituents of 1-6 carbons in the 4- and 6-positions and optionally also in the 2-position, at least one of the alkyl substituents containing at least two carbons, and the total number of carbons in the alkyl substituents being at least five, at a temperature of about 170.degree.-200.degree. C. and a pressure of at least about 6.9 MPa, preferably about 20-30 MPa, in the presence of a supported ruthenium catalyst and an activating amount of a modifier selected from alkali metal hydroxides and alkoxides and alkali metal amide salts of the meta-phenylenediamine to form the corresponding 1,3-diaminocyclohexane.

Abstract: Blends of 90-99 mol % of a polyhydroxyalkane containing 2-6 carbons and 2-3 hydroxyl groups and 1-10 mol % of an aromatic diamine having a pKb value greater than 11.3 are useful as chain extenders for polyurethanes derived from diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) prepolymers. Their use overcomes the sensitivity to stoichiometry common to MDI prepolymer/polyhydroxyalkane systems and leads to the formation of cast elastomers having better green strength and a shorter demold time. The preferred blends are blends of 1,4-butanediol and di(alkylthio)toluenediamines.

Abstract: A (hydrocarbylthio)aromatic amine, such as a methylthiosubstituted toluenediamine, is separated from corresponding aromatic amines containing fewer hydrocarbylthio groups by washing an organic solution of the amine mixture with a dilute aqueous acid having a pKa value below 7 to extract at least a portion of the corresponding aromatic amines.

Abstract: Polyurethanes and a process for their preparation with aromatic diamines having an aromatic ring, one of said at least one aromatic ring having thereon at least two alkylthio substituents and at least one amino substituent. An isocyanate prepolymer may be combined with a diamine chain extender of the invention and cured at suitable processing temperatures to form elastomers with good physical properties.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for producing alkanediols by the hydrolytic reduction of hydrolytically reducible furans. The improvement comprises utilizing a supported ruthenium catalyst, and trihaloacetic acid or a mixture thereof as a promoter for the hydrolytic reduction. The hydrolytic reduction is conducted in an aqueous medium at elevated temperatures and elevated pressures.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for producing alkanediols by the hydrolytic reduction of hydrolytically reducible furans. The improvement comprises utilizing a supported nickel catalyst, and trihaloacetic acid, preferably trifluoracetic acid or trichloroacetic acid or a mixture thereof as a promoter for the hydrolytic reduction. The hydrolytic reduction is conducted in an aqueous medium at elevated temperatures and elevated pressures.