Abstract: A selected value of a binary variable may be selected based on one or more operational classifications corresponding to a client. The selected value may be either a first value indicating that the client is not bot-operated or a second value indicating that the client is bot-operated. A token may be generated having cryptographically signed information indicating the selected value of the binary variable and first client information associated with the client. The token and a first request related to a first computing service may be received from the client. A validity determination for the token may be performed based at least in part on the selected value of the binary variable and the first client information. The validity determination may be that the token is valid or that the token is invalid. An action responsive to the first request may be performed based on the validity determination.