Abstract: A substantially insoluble compound having a polysaccharide backbone which is derivatised at one or more of its hydroxyl groups with a ligand (L) bound to the sugar moiety by a sulphur atom which may be tailored according to a wide range of applications. The compound is useful as a catalyst and in removal of contaminants from a feed containing particularly metal ions.

Abstract: A substantially insoluble compound having a polysaccharide backbone which is derivatised at one or more of its hydroxyl groups with a ligand (L) bound to the sugar moiety by a sulphur atom which may be tailored according to a wide range of applications. The compound is useful as a catalyst and in removal of contaminants from a feed containing particularly metal ions.

Abstract: A process for the selective removal of a component from a liquid phase and subsequently returning the component to a liquid phase is disclosed. A novel compound of formula I [SUP]-[[L]-[G]]a (I) in which L is a linking group, G is an aryl group having a leaving group LG selected from Cl, Br, I, sulfonate such as triflate, a diazo group, a nitrile, an ester and an alkoxy group and substituent Q is selected from H, NR2, OR, CO2R, F, Cl, NO2 CN and SUP is a support having a plurality of groups -[L]-[G] bound to the support is contacted with the liquid phase to bind the component to the compound I thereby forming a captured component which is separated from and may be returned to the liquid phase. The compound I is especially useful in binding homogeneous catalysts to remove it from a reaction medium and selectively returning the catalyst to the reaction medium at a later stage. The compound is particularly useful for cross-coupling reactions, for example in Suzuki reactions.

Abstract: A process for the selective removal of a component from a liquid phase and subsequently returning the component to a liquid phase is disclosed. A novel compound of formula (I) [SUP]-[[L]-[G]]a (I) in which L is a linking group, G is an aryl group having a leaving group LG selected from Cl, Br, I, sulfonate such as triflate, a diazo group, a nitrile, an ester and an alkoxy group and substituent Q is selected from H, NR2, OR, CO2R, F, Cl, NO2 CN and SUP is a support having a plurality of groups -[L]-[G] bound to the support is contacted with the liquid phase to bind the component to the compound I thereby forming a captured component which is separated from and may be returned to the liquid phase. The compound I is especially useful in binding homogeneous catalysts to remove it from a reaction medium and selectively returning the catalyst to the reaction medium at a later stage. The compound is particularly useful for cross-coupling reactions, for example in Suzuki reactions.

Abstract: A process for the selective removal of a component from a liquid phase and subsequently returning the component to a liquid phase is disclosed. A novel compound of formula (I) [SUP]-[[L]-[G]]a (I) in which L is a linking group, G is an aryl group having a leaving group LG selected from Cl, Br, I, sulfonate such as triflate, a diazo group, a nitrile, an ester and an alkoxy group and substituent Q is selected from H, NR2, OR, C02R, F, Cl, N02 CN and SUP is a support having a plurality of groups -[L]-[G] bound to the support is contacted with the liquid phase to bind the component to the compound I thereby forming a captured component which is separated from and may be returned to the liquid phase. The compound I is especially useful in binding homogeneous catalysts to remove it from a reaction medium and selectively returning the catalyst to the reaction medium at a later stage. The compound is particularly useful for cross-coupling reactions, for example in Suzuki reactions.

Abstract: A method of actuator coil temperature control for actuators that are not continuously operated, wherein when an actuation current is not being applied to the actuator coil, a) sensing a parameter indicative of the resistance of the actuator coil as an indication of the temperature of the actuator coil, b) if the sensed parameter indicates the temperature of the actuator coil is below a first predetermined limit, then initiating a series of successive actuation current pulses to the actuator coil, each actuation current pulse being terminated before actuation of the actuator occurs, and c) periodically repeating a) and b).

Abstract: A method of actuator coil temperature control for actuators that are not continuously operated, wherein when an actuation current is not being applied to the actuator coil, a) sensing a parameter indicative of the resistance of the actuator coil as an indication of the temperature of the actuator coil, b) if the sensed parameter indicates the temperature of the actuator coil is below a first predetermined limit, then initiating a series of successive actuation current pulses to the actuator coil, each actuation current pulse being terminated before actuation of the actuator occurs, and c) periodically repeating a) and b).

Abstract: Pulsed-energy controllers and methods of operation thereof for driving inductive loads such as the actuator coil or coils of electromechanical actuators. The controllers utilize an inductor through which an initial current is established through a first circuit. The inductor is then switched across the actuator coil or other inductive load in a second circuit and the first circuit is opened. The back EMF of the inductor, limited by a high voltage protective device, causes a rapid rise in the current through the actuator coil, the rise being much faster than could be achieved by merely coupling the supply voltage, as used to establish the current in the inductor, directly to the actuator coil. By proper selection of the controller circuit and its parameters, the initial rapid current rise may continue to a current higher than a steady state current, after which the current will decrease to or toward the lower steady state current until the current pulse is terminated. Various embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is a fuel injection system having one or more fuel injectors and an electronic control system therefore. The preferred fuel injector has a double magnetic latching solenoid three-way or four-way spool valve that controls the flow of a working fluid that is used to control the discharge of fuel into the combustion chamber or intake manifold of an engine through the nozzle of the injector. The control system provides actuating current pulses to each of the solenoids to actuate and latch the solenoids to effect initiation and termination of the injection. Disclosed are control systems that provide a snap action in one or both actuating directions of the valve by electromagnetically retaining the valve in the latched condition until the force in the actuated solenoid builds to a high level, and then releasing the valve for higher acceleration to the actuated position.

Abstract: The present invention is a fuel injection system having one or more fuel injectors and an electronic control system therefore. The preferred fuel injector has a double magnetic latching solenoid three-way or four-way spool valve that controls the flow of a working fluid that is used to control the discharge of fuel into the combustion chamber or intake manifold of an engine through the nozzle of the injector. The control system provides actuating current pulses to each of the solenoids to actuate and latch the solenoids to effect initiation and termination of the injection. Disclosed are control systems that provide a snap action in one or both actuating directions of the valve by electromagnetically retaining the valve in the latched condition until the force in the actuated solenoid builds to a high level, and then releasing the valve for higher acceleration to the actuated position.