Abstract: A method of removing microplastic particles from a water-based liquid, comprising the exposure of the liquid to a solid surface on which is retained a sorbitan monooleate surfactant, in a concentration suitable for entrapping substantially all microplastic particles. The method is useful for removing microplastic particles and microfibres from fresh and saline natural waters, effluent water, such as grey water, storm water and waste waters from industrial processes, in addition to any kind of product based on water, such as mineral waters, milk, fruit juices, beverages, pharmaceutical and veterinary products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ruthenium and osmium complexes of Formula [M(A)w(B)x(C)y]m(Xz)n, per se and the use of ruthenium and osmium complexes of Formula I as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors.

Abstract: The present application is generally directed to ruthenium or osmium containing complexes and their use as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors.

Abstract: A process of preparing cyclic ethers is described. The process involves the reaction of at least one organic compound such as a dioi or a polyol which it has at least one pair of hydroxyl groups separated by 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and which is capable of being converted into an ether linkage, with an organic carbonate in the presence of a base. The base is an alkoxy, a carbonate or a hydroxide base or is a mixture of such bases. At least one of the hydroxyl groups of the organic compound is not a tertiary hydroxyl group.

Abstract: A method for improving the precision of electrochemical measurements made using an electrochemical cell is provided. The method comprises preconditioning a working electrode of the cell by (i) baking the working electrode; and/or (ii) incubating the working electrode; and/or (iii) applying a preconditioning potential across the cell; and/or (iv) treating the working electrode with a UV laser.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ruthenium and osmium complexes of Formula [M(A)w(B)xCy]m(Xz)n, per se and the use of ruthenium and osmium complexes of Formula I as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors.

Abstract: A process of preparing cyclic ethers is described. The process involves the reaction of at least one organic compound such as a dioi or a polyol which it has at least one pair of hydroxyl groups separated by 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and which is capable of being converted into an ether linkage, with an organic carbonate in the presence of a base. The base is an alkoxy, a carbonate or a hydroxide base or is a mixture of such bases. At least one of the hydroxyl groups of the organic compound is not a tertiary hydroxyl group.

Abstract: A method for improving the precision of electrochemical measurements made using an electrochemical cell is provided. The method comprises preconditioning a working electrode of the cell by (i) baking the working electrode; and/or (ii) incubating the working electrode; and/or (iii) applying a preconditioning potential across the cell; and/or (iv) treating the working electrode with a UV laser.

Abstract: The present application is directed to complexes according to Formulae (I) or (II) as described herein, and their use as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors.

Abstract: A method of making a 3-alkylcycloalkanol of formula 2: where R1 represents a methyl or ethyl group, R2 represents hydrogen, R3 represents an ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl or isoamyl group, R4 represents hydrogen and R5 represents hydrogen, or a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl or isoamyl group comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out an electrophilic substitution reaction of an alkyl group or precursor thereof, on an ortho-substituted alkylbenzene compound of formula 3: where R6 represents hydrogen, or a methyl or ethyl group; (2) hydrogenating the reaction product of step (1); (3) performing an elimination reaction on one or more reaction products of step (2) to produce one or more alkene products; and (4) hydrating the one or more alkene products of step (3) to provide a 3-alkylcycloalkanol of formula 2. The electrophilic substitution reaction of step (1) may be a Friedel-Crafts acylation, e.g. using an isopropyl ketone precursor, or a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, e.g. using an isobutyl group.

Abstract: A method of making a 3-alkylcycloalkanol of formula 2: where R1 represents a methyl or ethyl group, R2 represents hydrogen, R3 represents an ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl or isoamyl group, R4 represents hydrogen and R5 represents hydrogen, or a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl or isoamyl group comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out an electrophilic substitution reaction of an alkyl group or precursor thereof, on an ortho-substituted alkylbenzene compound of formula 3: where R6 represents hydrogen, or a methyl or ethyl group; (2) hydrogenating the reaction product of step (1); (3) performing an elimination reaction on one or more reaction products of step (2) to produce one or more alkene products; and (4) hydrating the one or more alkene products of step (3) to provide a 3-alkylcycloalkanol of formula 2. The electrophilic substitution reaction of step (1) may be a Friedel-Crafts acylation, e.g. using an isopropyl ketone precursor, or a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, e.g. using an isobutyl group.

Abstract: The novel isomeric alkenes having structure (I) or (II) or (III) exhibit interesting odour characteristics, generally floral in nature, and so find use in perfumes and in perfumed products. The alkenes are also useful as intermediates in the preparation of other compounds, particularly other fragrance compounds, such as 3-(2-methylpropyl)-1-methylcyclohexanol.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of carvone comprises hydrogenating carvoxime in the presence of a selecively poisoned catalyst. Preferred catalysts include noble metals supported on inorganic materials poisoned with a catalyst modifier. In a preferred embodiment of the process defined herein, the crude carvone reaction product produced in accordance with the process of the invention, is purified by treating the crude carvone product with an organometallic compound M(X)n wherein M is a polyvalent metal, n is the valence of M and X denotes an inorganic or organic atom or group.

Abstract: The invention concerns Diels-Alder reactions between non-activated aldehydes RCHO in which R is a C1-C10 aliphatic group or phenyl group, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more C1-C5 alkyl groups or one other functional group, with simple aliphatic dienes R.sub.1 CH.dbd.CR.sub.2 --CR.sub.3 .dbd.CHR.sub.4 in which R.sub.1 -R.sub.4 are H or C1-C5 alkyl groups using as a catalyst a perfluorinated organic sulphonic acid or a Bronsted acid derivative thereof. The reaction leads to dihydropyrans of the structure below in which R1-R4 have the meaning indicated above.The preferred perfluorinated organic sulfonic acids are perfluorooctanesulphonic acid, triflic acid, Nafion or a Bronsted acid derivative of triflic acid. ##STR1## The preferred aldehydes are those wherein R is a C2-C6 aliphatic group or a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or mono-substituted with C1-C3 alkyl or with 4-Cl, 4-nitro or 3-methoxy. The preferred dienes are those wherein the groups R.sub.1 -R.sub.4 are H or methyl.

Abstract: Dihydromyrcene is reacted with a carboxylic acid, eg acetic acid, to produce an ester which is then reacted with an alcohol in a transesterification reaction to produce (dihydro)myrcenol and another ester. The preferred alcohol is 4-tertiarybutylcyclohexanol. Myrcenol can be produced in a similar way.