Abstract: A three dimensional printer can include: at least one beam configured to support a shuttle for a printhead of the three dimensional printer; and at least one tower configured to support the at least one beam; where the at least one beam and the at least one tower include a frame having a structural design produced from an iterative design process that employs a generative design algorithm to optimize a shape and/or topology of the frame, thereby reducing a ratio of a total mass over a total print build volume of the three dimensional printer.

Abstract: In a roofing structure, two roof panels with different slopes and lengths are positioned back-to-back, the vertical back walls of the panels having a uniform height. The seam between the two differently-sloped panels are connected by a ridge cap set at a uniform height. The ridge cap covers the seam, extending on both sides to a distance from the back walls of the roof panels sufficient to create a capillary break therefrom (preventing moisture migration) and then downwards and slightly towards the back walls of the roof panels, thereby using gravity to direct the water into the downward sloping roof panels.

Abstract: A reusable modular housing system has a gridded structure comprising reusable components with dimensions corresponding to a two-unit system. The structure has floor and ceiling grids with dimensions that correspond to multiples of a first unit of measurement. The vertical beams that connect the floor and ceiling grids are spaced apart at dimensions that also correspond to multiples of the first unit of measurement. The structure has a variety of other components that can be coupled to the floor and ceiling grids and the vertical beams, and those other components have dimensions that correspond to a multiple of a second unit of measurement. Dimensions of the structure can vary, but each of the component parts can be detachably coupled into the gridded structure, so as to fit within the grid's dimensions based on respective multiples of the first unit of measurement and the second unit of measurement.