Abstract: Described herein are, inter alia, electrodes for use in energy storage devices, such as a cathode or anode in a battery. An electrode may include a substrate which serves as a reaction site that occur during electrochemical cycling of an energy storage device. In some embodiments, an electrode can undergo intercalation chemistry, conversion chemistry, plating-stripping/deposition-dissolution chemistry, or combinations thereof. A film and/or additive may be provided in an electrode in order to mitigate side reactions and/or electrochemical passivation reactions. An electrode may include one or more materials that (i) electrochemically reduce a portion of the electrolyte to a gas during electrochemical cycling, (ii) suppress generation of hydrogen gas by increasing a hydrogen evolution overpotential, (iii) constrain gas after formation, and/or (iv) catalyze oxidation of a gas back into an electrolyte. An electrode may include one or more electroactive materials in addition to a substrate.

Abstract: Separators and additives (e.g., electrode additives) for use in energy storage devices are disclosed. In certain embodiments, a separator includes inorganic particles. In certain embodiments, an additive includes inorganic particles. The additive may be used in an electrode, such as a cathode or anode in a battery. The inorganic particles (whether included in a separator or used in (e.g., as) an additive, for example for an electrode) may be functional inorganic particles that promote battery performance and/or safety. For example, the functional inorganic particles may act to reduce or eliminate side reactions or mitigate the effects of side reactions during electrochemical cycling of an energy storage device in which they are included (e.g., discharge and/or charge of a battery). As another example, the functional inorganic particles may additionally or alternatively promote ionic conductivity.