Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to a thermodynamic simulator system for simulating a thermodynamic response (TDR) of a patient's skin without the need for inserting probes and sensors into the patient. The system includes a simulated skin layer (SSL) having a mass of material thermally connected to multiple heating elements; at least one temperature sensor (TS) disposed in the SSL; one or more temperature management (TTM) pads applied to the SSL and coupled to a TTM device, the TTM pads configured to modify heat transfer from the SSL; and a control unit configured to obtain temperature data (TD) from the TS; regulate power to the heating elements based on the temperature data; simulate an internal/core temperature for the patient using an internal body thermodynamic simulation, the TD, and the supplied power. The system includes a core TS for transmitting the internal temperature to the TTM device.

Abstract: Phase angle error and ratio error correction is provided in a current transformer by a bucking voltage opposite in phase to the voltage drop across the burden resistor and inherent winding resistance.

Abstract: Phase angle error and ratio error correction is provided in a current transformer by a bucking voltage opposite in phase to the voltage drop across the burden resistor and inherent winding resistance.

Abstract: A salinity sensor for sensing or measuring salinity of a static or flowing fluid without contacting the fluid includes magnetic coil with a gapped core and a conduit for the fluid positioned in the gap in the core. The magnetic coil and the portion of the magnetic field produced by the coil that extends through the fluid in the gap are part of an LC or LCR circuit that can be driven to resonant frequency for a fluid of known salinity, which may include, but is not limited to, a fluid having zero salinity, as indicated by a peak output voltage on the circuit. Then, when the salinity of the fluid in the gap changes or a fluid with a different salinity is placed in the gap, the characteristics of the LC or LCR circuit, including inductance L and resonant frequency, change, and such changes can be detected and measured as an indication of the salinity of the fluid in the gap.