Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to removing metals from liquid-phase pyrolysis oil, such as at or near room temperatures. Specifically, some embodiments of the disclosure relate to a method and a system for removing metals from pyrolysis oil using acidic ion-exchange resins. One embodiment relates to a method for removing metals from pyrolysis oil comprising combining pyrolysis oil and an organic solvent to form a pyrolysis oil mixture and removing metal from the pyrolysis oil mixture to produce a reduced metal content pyrolysis oil mixture. In some embodiments, the removing of the metal uses a strongly acid ion-exchange resin.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to removing metals from liquid-phase pyrolysis oil, such as at or near room temperatures. Specifically, some embodiments of the disclosure relate to a method and a system for removing metals from pyrolysis oil using acidic ion-exchange resins. One embodiment relates to a method for removing metals from pyrolysis oil comprising combining pyrolysis oil and an organic solvent to form a pyrolysis oil mixture and removing metal from the pyrolysis oil mixture to produce a reduced metal content pyrolysis oil mixture. The metal can then be removed by using a strongly acidic ion-exchange resin.

Abstract: A composition comprising FCC catalyst particles and additive particles suitable for the reduction of NOx emissions from a FCC regenerator, said additive particles comprising a Mg and Al-containing anionic clay or solid solution, a rare earth metal oxide, alumina and/or silica-alumina, and Y-type zeolite. The invention further relates to a process for preparing such a composition and its use for reducing NOx emissions.

Abstract: A process for the production of transportation fuels from heavy hydrocarbonaceous feedstock is provided comprising a two-stage, close-coupled process, wherein the first stage comprises a hydrothermal zone into which is introduced a mixture comprising the feedstock, dispersed demetalizing contact particles having coke-suppressing activity, and hydrogen; and the second, close-coupled stage comprises a hydrocatalytic zone into which substantially all the effluent from the first stage is directly passed and processed under hydrocatalytic conditions.

Abstract: A gas-liquid or a gas-liquid-solid feed is contacted in a vessel containing a packed bed of contact particles. At least a portion of the feed is passed upwardly through the packed bed and the mass flow rate of the feed is periodically increased sufficiently to cause a portion of the particles within the vessel to form an expanded region within the packed bed.

Abstract: A process for liquefying coal in which a slurry comprising a petroleum or petroleum-derived solvent and particulate coal is heated in a dissolution zone to substantially dissolve the coal and produce a first effluent containing undissolved solids to which petroleum residuum is added to produce a second effluent which is distilled under reduced pressure. The process eliminates the need for physical solids separation such as filtration or centrifugation and is most advantageously employed in high-severity coal liquefaction.

Abstract: A process for increasing the conversion of coal to ethyl acetate-soluble products comprising:(a) heating a slurry comprising a solvent and particulate coal in a dissolution zone to produce a first effluent slurry comprising ethyl acetate-soluble liquid components and ethyl acetate-insolubles;(b) contacting at least a portion of said first effluent slurry with hydrogen in a reaction zone in the presence of an externally-supplied hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions to produce a second effluent slurry which comprises ethyl acetate-soluble liquid components and ethyl acetate-insolubles, said ethyl acetate insolubles comprising organic components and inorganic components;(c) partitioning said ethyl acetate-insolubles in at least a portion of said second effluent slurry to provide a solids-rich fraction containing ethyl acetate-insolubles enriched in inorganic components and a solids-lean fraction containing ethyl acetate insolubles enriched in organic components; and(d) recycling at least a porti

Abstract: A liquid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock containing asphaltenes and optionally solids is hydroprocessed by passing the feedstock through a catalytic reaction zone in the presence of a catalyst bed containing a solid hydroprocessing catalyst under hydroprocessing conditions to produce a hydrocarbonaceous effluent containing solids. Plugging of the catalyst bed is avoided by controlling the severity of the hydroprocessing conditions in the catalytic reaction zone to maintain the aliphatic hydrogen concentration of the liquid effluent sufficiently low to prevent substantial precipitation of asphaltenes within the catalytic reaction zone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process subdivided coal is dissolved in a process derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further cooled to precipitate unconverted heptane-insolubles prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process sub-divided coal is dissolved in a process-derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further subjected to treatment with an antisolvent to precipitate unconverted asphaltenes prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a three-stage process for liquefying coal. In the process, subdivided coal is slurried with a hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and passed through a dissolving zone at a temperature in the range 400.degree. to 480.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 2 to 150 hrs..sup.-1 to substantially dissolve said coal. The effluent from the dissolver is stabilized with a hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent in a stabilization zone at a temperature in the range of 400.degree. to 440.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 1 to 12 hrs..sup.-1 to partially hydrogenate the dissolved coal. A portion of the effluent from the stabilizer is recycled for use as hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and the remainder is passed to a catalytic reaction stage operating under hydrocracking conditions to produce the net product and hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a three-stage process for liquefying coal in which a coal-solvent slurry is sequentially passed through a first dissolving stage and two catalytic reaction stages in series. The first catalytic reaction stage contains a catalyst having a selectivity for converting heptane insolubles to lower molecular weight compounds and a portion of the effluent from said stage is recycled for use as solvent in the dissolver. The second catalytic reactor is operated under hydrocracking conditions.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in the presence of added hydrogen, thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids, and said mixture is passed through a guard bed of solid porous contact material, such as alumina, in the presence of hydrogen, to deposit titanium, iron and calcium from the mixture prior to hydrocracking.

Abstract: Disclosed is a three-stage process for liquefying coal in which a coal-solvent slurry is sequentially passed through a first dissolving stage and two catalytic reaction stages in series. The first catalytic reaction stage contains a catalyst having a selectivity for converting heptane insolubles to lower molecular weight compounds and a portion of the effluent from said stage is recycled for use as solvent in the dissolver. The second catalytic reactor is operated under hydrocracking conditions.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a process-derived solvent in the presence of added hydrogen, thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids, and said mixture is passed through a guard bed of solid porous contact material, such as alumina, in the presence of hydrogen, to deposit titanium, iron and calcium from the mixture prior to hydrocracking.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process subdivided coal is dissolved in a process derived solvent at a temperature in the range 425.degree.-480.degree. C. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, including a temperature in the range 340.degree.-400.degree. C. to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further subjected to treatment with an antisolvent to precipitate unconverted asphaltenes prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a three-stage process for liquefying coal. In the process subdivided coal is slurried with a hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and passed through a dissolving zone at a temperature in the range 400.degree.-480.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 2-150 hr..sup.-1 to substantially dissolve said coal. The effluent from the dissolver is stabilized with a hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent in a stabilization zone at a temperature in the range of 400.degree.-440.degree. C. and at a space velocity in the range 1-12 hr..sup.31 1 to partially hydrogenate the dissolved coal. A portion of the effluent from the stabilizer is recycled for use as hydrogen-lean hydrogen-donor solvent and the remainder is passed to a catalytic reaction stage operating under hydrocracking conditions to produce the net product and hydrogen-rich hydrogen-donor solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process subdivided coal is dissolved in a process derived solvent at a temperature in the range 425.degree. C.-480.degree. C. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, including a temperature in the range 340.degree. C.-400.degree. C. to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further cooled to precipitate unconverted heptane insolubles prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the retorting of shale and other similar hydrocarbon-containing solids in which the solids to be retorted are mixed with a solid heat-transfer material to provide the necessary heat for retorting. The shale is retorted in a spouted bed of the shale and heat-transfer solids. Preferably, molecular oxygen is excluded from the retorting zone.