Abstract: A rotatable base for a porous pad has openings that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base across a substrate. The rotatable base can be molded from a two piece mold and the openings can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: A pad conditioner for a CMP polishing pad is disclosed that includes a substrate that has a matrixical arrangement of protrusions that have a layer of poly crystalline diamond on at least their top surfaces. The protrusions may have varying shapes and elevations and may comprise a first set of protrusions and a second set of protrusions, the first set of protrusions have a first average height and the second set of protrusions have a second average height, the first average height different from the second average height, a top of each protrusion in the first set of protrusions has a non-flat surface and a top of each protrusion in the second set of protrusions has a non-flat surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lightweight, inflatable plow that can be attached to the front of any smaller motorized vehicle for use in removing snow or a similar substance from a commercial or residential driveway. The plow of the invention is partially inflatable, partially rigid and lightweight and can be attached to the front of a motor vehicle without requiring assembly or making any permanent modifications to the body, frame, or any component of the vehicle. The plow of the invention is preferably flexible enough to fold in half in the center for easy transport and storage.

Abstract: A pad conditioner for a CMP polishing pad is disclosed that includes a substrate that has a matrixical arrangement of protrusions that have a layer of poly crystalline diamond on at least their top surfaces. The protrusions may have varying shapes and elevations and may comprise a first set of protrusions and a second set of protrusions, the first set of protrusions have a first average height and the second set of protrusions have a second average height, the first average height different from the second average height, a top of each protrusion in the first set of protrusions has a non-flat surface and a top of each protrusion in the second set of protrusions has a non-flat surface.

Abstract: A pad conditioner for a CMP polishing pad is disclosed that includes a substrate that has a matrixical arrangement of protrusions that have a layer of poly crystalline diamond on at least their top surfaces. The protrusions may have varying shapes and elevations and may comprise a first set of protrusions and a second set of protrusions, the first set of protrusions have a first average height and the second set of protrusions have a second average height, the first average height different from the second average height, a top of each protrusion in the first set of protrusions has a non-flat surface and a top of each protrusion in the second set of protrusions has a non-flat surface.

Abstract: A rotatable base for a porous pad has openings that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base across a substrate. The rotatable base can be molded from a two piece mold and the openings can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: A pad conditioner for a CMP polishing pad is disclosed that includes a substrate that has a matrixical arrangement of protrusions that have a layer of poly crystalline diamond on at least their top surfaces. The protrusions may have varying shapes and elevations and may comprise a first set of protrusions and a second set of protrusions, the first set of protrusions have a first average height and the second set of protrusions have a second average height, the first average height different from the second average height, a top of each protrusion in the first set of protrusions has a non-flat surface and a top of each protrusion in the second set of protrusions has a non-flat surface.

Abstract: A rotatable base for a porous pad has openings that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base across a substrate. The rotatable base can be molded form a two piece mold and the openings can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a CMP brush that has a combination of central nodules at an inner region of the brush and one or more edge nodules at an end region of the brush where the central nodules and edge nodules are in a staggered or matched arrangement with each other and an upper surface of each edge nodule on the brush has the same or a greater contact area than an upper surface of a central nodule. The area of contact of the upper surface of each edge nodule with the substrate edge region is the same or greater than the area of contact of the upper surface of a central nodule with the substrate center region.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide restrictive-flow flow measurement devices, valve improvements and signal control devices and processes that control the flow of liquids, including control processes for single-liquid calibration. In some embodiments, a fluid flow device can be calibrated using a single standard calibration fluid. The fluid flow of a first fluid through a flow meter is measured by calculating a first pressure difference between pressures sensed by two pressure sensors of the flow meter. The fluid flow of a second fluid through the flow meter is measured by calculating a second pressure difference between pressures sensed by the same two pressure sensors. A calibration coefficient is determined based upon the relationship between the flow rate, the fluid density and the calculated pressure difference for the first and second fluids. A relationship between the calibration coefficient and the kinematic viscosity of each fluid is then determined and stored.

Abstract: A rotatable base for a porous pad has openings that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base across a substrate. The rotatable base can be molded form a two piece mold and the openings can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: A rotatable base for a porous pad has openings that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base across a substrate. The rotatable base can be molded from a two piece mold and the openings can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide restrictive-flow flow measurement devices, valve improvements and signal control devices and processes that control the flow of liquids, including control processes for single-liquid calibration. In some embodiments, a fluid flow device can be calibrated using a single standard calibration fluid. The fluid flow of a first fluid through a flow meter is measured by calculating a first pressure difference between pressures sensed by two pressure sensors of the flow meter. The fluid flow of a second fluid through the flow meter is measured by calculating a second pressure difference between pressures sensed by the same two pressure sensors. A calibration coefficient is determined based upon the relationship between the flow rate, the fluid density and the calculated pressure difference for the first and second fluids. A relationship between the calibration coefficient and the kinematic viscosity of each fluid is then determined and stored.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide restrictive-flow flow measurement devices, valve improvements and signal control devices and processes that control the flow of liquids, including control processes for single-liquid calibration. In some embodiments, a fluid flow device can be calibrated using a single standard calibration fluid. The fluid flow of a first fluid through a flow meter is measured by calculating a first pressure difference between pressures sensed by two pressure sensors of the flow meter. The fluid flow of a second fluid through the flow meter is measured by calculating a second pressure difference between pressures sensed by the same two pressure sensors. A calibration coefficient is determined based upon the relationship between the flow rate, the fluid density and the calculated pressure difference for the first and second fluids. A relationship between the calibration coefficient and the kinematic viscosity of each fluid is then determined and stored.

Abstract: A metallic nanoparticle shielding structure derived from a substrate having metallic nanoparticles deposited thereon in either a pattern or a coating. The pattern can comprise one or more marks that have a width of 20 to 40 micrometers and that can overlap one another. The metallic nanoparticles can be heated at a temperature less than 110 degrees Celsius for a period of time less than 90 seconds. In some embodiments, the metallic nanoparticle shielding structure can be applied to liquid crystal displays, polyester substrates, polycarbonate substrates, or any other suitable substrate.

Abstract: A system and method for forming high resolution electronic circuits on a substrate is provided. The system (10) includes a substrate (12), a source of radiant energy (34) and a focusing means (16). The source of radiant energy (34) directs an energy beam (14) through the focusing means (16) in order to direct a focused energy beam (18) onto the surface of the substrate (12). The focused energy beam (18) creates a plurality of channels (20) in the surface of the substrate (12). A paste applicator (22) fills the channels (20) with an electrically conductive paste (24). Once heated and cured, the electrically conductive paste (24) makes up the electrically conductive pathways of the electronic circuit.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide restrictive-flow flow measurement devices, valve improvements and signal control devices and processes that control the flow of liquids, including control processes for single-liquid calibration. In some embodiments, a fluid flow device can be calibrated using a single standard calibration fluid. The fluid flow of a first fluid through a flow meter is measured by calculating a first pressure difference between pressures sensed by two pressure sensors of the flow meter. The fluid flow of a second fluid through the flow meter is measured by calculating a second pressure difference between pressures sensed by the same two pressure sensors. A calibration coefficient is determined based upon the relationship between the flow rate, the fluid density and the calculated pressure difference for the first and second fluids. A relationship between the calibration coefficient and the kinematic viscosity of each fluid is then determined and stored.

Abstract: A rotatable base (100) for a porous pad (500) has openings (126, 130, 134) that provide for improved flow distribution of a liquid in the base (100) across a substrate. The rotatable base (100) can be molded from a two piece mold and the openings (126, 130, 134) can have draft angles to facilitate the molding process.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to an apparatus that can be used to treat fluids. The apparatus can include a housing with an inlet for receiving a process fluid to be treated, a surface within the housing for treating the process fluid that can be wet by the process fluid, and an outlet for removing treated process fluid. The housing includes a vent that aids in the removal of fluid components that separate from the process fluid. Removal of these separated fluids improves the efficiency and contact of the process fluid with the surfaces in the housing for treating the process fluid.