Abstract: A method of pumping an aqueous fluid through an electroosmotic membrane situated between a cathode and an anode includes oxidizing water to O2 at the anode and reducing O2 at the cathode. A potential difference E between the cathode and the anode is 1.4 V or less.

Abstract: A method of pumping an aqueous fluid through an electroosmotic membrane situated between a cathode and an anode includes oxidizing water to O2 at the anode and reducing O2 at the cathode. A potential difference E between the cathode and the anode is 1.4 V or less.

Abstract: The present invention combines the storage capacity of redox flow batteries and the production of hydrogen and other products of chemical redox reactions. The redox couple of each electrolyte is chemically regenerated on a specific catalyst bed 11, replacing the discharging processes of the battery, while oxidizing or reducing other species present. This allows for the production of hydrogen on the cathodic side, and various useful products on the anodic side, such as oxygen for fuel cell application. The proposed system uses a dual circuit arrangement from which electrolytes 8 may be pumped through the catalyst beds 11 as desired, once they are in their charged state.

Abstract: The present invention combines the storage capacity of redox flow batteries and the production of hydrogen and other products of chemical redox reactions. The redox couple of each electrolyte is chemically regenerated on a specific catalyst bed 11, replacing the discharging processes of the battery, whilst oxidizing or reducing other species present. This allows for the production of hydrogen on the cathodic side, and various useful products on the anodic side, such as oxygen for fuel cell application. The proposed system uses a dual circuit arrangement from which electrolytes 8 may be pumped through the catalyst beds 11 as desired, once they are in their charged state.

Abstract: A method for post-harvest treating citrus fruit includes a step of washing citrus fruit, the step of washing citrus fruit including: a) a step of bringing water into contact with citrus fruit; b) a step of electrolyzing the water which has been brought into contact with citrus fruit; and c) a step of using the electrolyzed water as washing water of the citrus fruit.

Abstract: A chrome-free composition of an acidic suspension of manganese compounds and manganese ions are applied to an organic polymer surface to etch the surface. The etched surface is then plated with metal.

Abstract: A process for the electrochemical production of peroxo-disulfuric acid and peroxo-disulfates is provided. In the process, an anode having a partially pre-polarized electrode which has been provided with a doped diamond layer is used.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an electrolytic cell including an anode, a cathode and at least one bipolar electrode arranged between the anode and the cathode. This cell is characterised in that said bipolar electrode includes a substrate and a compact diamond film which is made conductive by a doping agent and which coats said substrate.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 5-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones of formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl radical or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy radical, by oxidation of 1-nitronaphthalene or a suitably substituted 1-nitronaphthalene, which process comprises carrying out the reaction with manganese(III) sulfate as oxidizing agent or a mixture of manganese(III) sulfate and cerium sulfate.The maganese(III) sulfate consumed can be regenerated electrolytically with good current yield. The process is environmentally safe, as the oxidizing agent and the solvent, if any, can be reused.

Abstract: Manufacture of p-tert. butyl-benzaldehyde (TBT) by oxidation with a Mn.sup.3+ salt, which salt is generated by electrochemical oxidation of a Mn.sup.2+ salt, and whereby the chemical oxidation and the electrochemical oxidation are carried out in separate reaction vessels.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the preparation of benzanthrones and planar, polycyclic aromatic oxygen-containing compounds is described. The process is carried out in an acid medium in an electrolytic cell which is separated by a diaphragm into a cathode compartment and an anode compartment.In the cathode compartment, anthraquinone or an anthraquinone derivative is reduced electrolytically to oxanthrone and the latter is reacted with glycerol to give the corresponding benzanthrone.In the anode compartment, a transition metal ion is simultaneously converted electrolytically from a lower oxidation stage into the next higher oxidation stage. The metal ion of higher valency is then used in the anolyte as an oxidizing agent by means of which the corresponding oxygen-containing compounds are obtained, starting from planar, polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of sulphonic acid fluorides of the formula RSO.sub.2 F, wherein R represents a straight-chain or a branched alkyl or cycloalkyl radical is provided. The process is carried out in liquid hydrogen fluoride and comprises reacting thio compounds of the formula R--S--X, wherein R has the indicated meaning and X is hydrogen or --S--R, with nitrogen dioxide and/or dinitrogen tetroxide. The obtained sulfonic acid fluorides are useful intermediates for the manufacture of a great number of other compounds. By means of electrochemical fluorination they can also be converted into the corresponding perfluoroalkylsulphonic acid fluorides, which can be used as a basis for oil and water repellants.