Abstract: A silicon material can include particles with a size between about 10 nanometers and 10 micrometers, where the particles can be porous or nonporous, and a coating disposed on the particles, wherein a thickness of the coating can be between about 1 nm and 1 ?m. The coating can optionally include a carbon coating, graphite coating, or a polymeric coating.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide glass bottle-based silicon electrode materials. A battery electrode includes silicon made from magnesiothermic reduction of silicon oxide derived from glass bottles and a conformal carbon coating thereon. A method of making the electrode material includes crushing glass bottles to produce crushed glass containing silicon oxide particles, mixing the silicon oxide particles with a heat scavenger to produce a mixture, magnesiothermically reducing the mixture to produce silicon, and applying a carbon coat to the silicon to produce an electrode material.

Abstract: A silicon material can include a composition with at least about 50% silicon, at most about 45% carbon, and at most about 10 % oxygen. The silicon material can have an external expansion that is less than about 40%. The silicon material can include silicon nanoparticles, which can cooperatively form clusters. The silicon nanoparticles can be porous.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing porous silicon can include reducing unpurified silica in the presence of a reducing agent to prepare a porous silicon material. A porous silicon material including silicon nanoparticles and clusters of silicon nanoparticles, where the pores are cooperatively defined by the nanoparticles within the clusters.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing porous silicon can include reducing unpurified silica in the presence of a reducing agent to prepare a porous silicon material. The method of manufacture can optionally include purifying a silica, exposing the silica to reaction modifiers, purifying the mixture of the silica and reaction modifiers, comminuting the silica, purifying the silicon, coating the silicon, post-processing the silicon, and/or any suitable steps.

Abstract: Provided is method of improving fast-chargeability of a lithium secondary battery, wherein the method comprises disposing a lithium ion reservoir between an anode and a porous separator and configured to receive lithium ions from the cathode through the porous separator when the battery is charged and to enable the lithium ions to enter the anode in a time-delayed manner. In some embodiments, the reservoir comprises a conducting porous framework structure having pores and lithium-capturing groups residing in the pores, wherein the lithium-capturing groups are selected from (a) redox forming species that reversibly form a redox pair with a lithium ion; (b) electron-donating groups interspaced between non-electron-donating groups; (c) anions and cations wherein the anions are more mobile than the cations; or (d) chemical reducing groups that partially reduce lithium ions from Li+1 to Li+?, wherein 0<?<1.

Abstract: A porous silicon material including silicon nanoparticles and clusters of silicon nanoparticles, where the pores are cooperatively defined by the nanoparticles within the clusters.

Abstract: A metallic nanodendrite electrode and methods are shown. In one example, the metallic nanodendrite is coated with ruthenium oxide and is used as an electrode in a capacitor.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery containing an anode, a cathode, a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, an electrolyte, and a lithium ion reservoir disposed between the anode and the porous separator and configured to receive lithium ions from the cathode when the battery is charged and enable the lithium ions to enter the anode in a time-delayed manner, wherein the reservoir comprises a conducting porous framework structure having pores (pore size from 1 nm to 500 ?m) and lithium-capturing groups residing in the pores, wherein the lithium-capturing groups are selected from (a) redox forming species that reversibly form a redox pair with a lithium ion; (b) electron-donating groups interspaced between non-electron-donating groups; (c) anions and cations wherein the anions are more mobile than the cations; or (d) chemical reducing groups that partially reduce lithium ions from Li+1 to Li+?, wherein 0<?<1.

Abstract: Provided is a rolled alkali metal battery wherein the alkali metal is selected from Li, Na, K, or a combination thereof; the battery comprising an anode having an anode active material, a cathode containing a cathode active material, and a separator-electrolyte layer, comprising a first electrolyte alone or a first electrolyte-porous separator assembly, in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode, wherein the cathode contains a wound cathode roll of at least a discrete layer of the cathode active material and an optional binder, at least a discrete layer of a conductive material, and at least a layer of a second electrolyte, identical or different in composition than the first electrolyte, wherein the wound cathode roll has a cathode roll length, a cathode roll width, and a cathode roll thickness and the cathode roll width is substantially perpendicular to the separator-electrolyte layer.

Abstract: Provided is rolled supercapacitor comprising an anode, a cathode, a porous separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the anode contains a wound anode roll of an anode active material having an anode roll length, an anode roll width, and an anode roll thickness, wherein the anode active material contains isolated graphene sheets that are oriented substantially parallel to the plane defined by the anode roll length and the anode roll width; and/or the cathode contains a wound cathode roll of a cathode active material having a cathode roll length, a cathode roll width, and a cathode roll thickness, wherein the cathode active material contains isolated graphene sheets that are oriented substantially parallel to the plane defined by the cathode roll length and the cathode roll width; and wherein the anode roll width and/or the cathode roll width is substantially perpendicular to the separator.

Abstract: A metallic nanodendrite electrode and methods are shown. In one example, the metallic nanodendrite is coated with ruthenium oxide and is used as an electrode in a capacitor.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery containing an anode, a cathode, a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, an electrolyte, and a lithium ion reservoir disposed between the anode and the porous separator and configured to receive lithium ions from the cathode when the battery is charged and enable the lithium ions to enter the anode in a time-delayed manner, wherein the reservoir comprises a conducting porous framework structure having pores (pore size from 1 nm to 500 ?m) and lithium-capturing groups residing in the pores, wherein the lithium-capturing groups are selected from (a) redox forming species that reversibly form a redox pair with a lithium ion; (b) electron-donating groups interspaced between non-electron-donating groups; (c) anions and cations wherein the anions are more mobile than the cations; or (d) chemical reducing groups that partially reduce lithium ions from Li+1 to Li+?, wherein 0<?<1.

Abstract: Provided is method of improving fast-chargeability of a lithium secondary battery, wherein the method comprises disposing a lithium ion reservoir between an anode and a porous separator and configured to receive lithium ions from the cathode through the porous separator when the battery is charged and to enable the lithium ions to enter the anode in a time-delayed manner. In some embodiments, the reservoir comprises a conducting porous framework structure having pores and lithium-capturing groups residing in the pores, wherein the lithium-capturing groups are selected from (a) redox forming species that reversibly form a redox pair with a lithium ion; (b) electron-donating groups interspaced between non-electron-donating groups; (c) anions and cations wherein the anions are more mobile than the cations; or (d) chemical reducing groups that partially reduce lithium ions from Li+1 to Li+?, wherein 0<?<1.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide glass bottle-based silicon electrode materials. A battery electrode includes silicon made from magnesiothermic reduction of silicon oxide derived from glass bottles and a conformal carbon coating thereon. A method of making the electrode material includes crushing glass bottles to produce crushed glass containing silicon oxide particles, mixing the silicon oxide particles with a heat scavenger to produce a mixture, magnesiothermically reducing the mixture to produce silicon, and applying a carbon coat to the silicon to produce an electrode material.

Abstract: Provided is a rolled alkali metal battery wherein the alkali metal is selected from Li, Na, K, or a combination thereof; the battery comprising an anode having an anode active material, a cathode containing a cathode active material, and a separator-electrolyte layer, comprising a first electrolyte alone or a first electrolyte-porous separator assembly, in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode, wherein the cathode contains a wound cathode roll of at least a discrete layer of the cathode active material and an optional binder, at least a discrete layer of a conductive material, and at least a layer of a second electrolyte, identical or different in composition than the first electrolyte, wherein the wound cathode roll has a cathode roll length, a cathode roll width, and a cathode roll thickness and the cathode roll width is substantially perpendicular to the separator-electrolyte layer.

Abstract: Provided is rolled supercapacitor comprising an anode, a cathode, a porous separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the anode contains a wound anode roll of an anode active material having an anode roll length, an anode roll width, and an anode roll thickness, wherein the anode active material contains isolated graphene sheets that are oriented substantially parallel to the plane defined by the anode roll length and the anode roll width; and/or the cathode contains a wound cathode roll of a cathode active material having a cathode roll length, a cathode roll width, and a cathode roll thickness, wherein the cathode active material contains isolated graphene sheets that are oriented substantially parallel to the plane defined by the cathode roll length and the cathode roll width; and wherein the anode roll width and/or the cathode roll width is substantially perpendicular to the separator.

Abstract: Provided is a rolled alkali metal battery wherein the alkali metal is selected from Li, Na, K, or a combination thereof. The battery comprises an anode, a cathode, an alkali metal ion-conducting separator electronically separating the anode and the cathode, and an alkali metal ion-containing electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode contains a wound roll of an anode active material having an anode roll length, an anode roll width, and an anode roll thickness and/or the cathode contains a wound roll of a cathode active material having a cathode roll length, a cathode roll width, and a cathode roll thickness and wherein the anode roll width and/or the cathode roll width direction is substantially perpendicular to the separator plane.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a recombinant polypeptide that has pancreatic lipase activity. Also disclosed herein are a recombinant vector and a recombinant host cell for producing the recombinant polypeptide. The recombinant polypeptide is adapted for preparation of an animal feed that is able to facilitate utilization of fats therein by pigs (especially postweaning pigs) and to enhance growth performance of the pigs.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant polypeptide that has pancreatic lipase activity. Also disclosed herein are a recombinant vector and a recombinant host cell for producing the aforesaid recombinant polypeptide. The aforesaid recombinant polypeptide is adapted for preparation of an animal feed that is able to facilitate utilization of fats therein regarding pigs (especially postweaning pigs) and to enhance growth performance of the pigs.