Abstract: A knowledge update method performed by a knowledge provision network element includes sending knowledge information indicating quality of intent knowledge of a first intent operation to a network management network element. Policy information indicating a manner of updating the intent knowledge is received from the network management network element, and the intent knowledge is updated based on the policy information. In this way, the knowledge provision network element can feed back the quality of the intent knowledge to the network management network element, the network management network element can deliver the manner of updating the intent knowledge to the knowledge provision network element based on the quality, and the knowledge provision network element can perform updating based on the policy information in a subsequent intent knowledge update procedure, to improve quality of updated knowledge.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a communication method and a communication apparatus. The communication method includes: A first network element sends at least one piece of check content to a second network element, where the check content indicates an abnormal event that causes a fault of a second network; and the first network element receives at least one check result from the second network element, where the check result indicates whether the abnormal event occurs in the second network. In this way, the first network element can obtain the check result detected by the second network element based on the check content, to determine a fault root cause. This implements cross-operator fault diagnosis, and improves a fault diagnosis capability and an intent achievement rate.

Abstract: This application provides a method and a related communication apparatus applicable to the communication field. In the method, a network device receives a first notification message sent by a terminal device, where the first notification message indicates that the terminal device has completed training on a target model, and the first notification message includes a model name corresponding to the target model. The network device then determines policy information based on the uplink channel state information of the terminal device; and sends a lightweight indication message to the terminal device.

Abstract: This application provides a model data sending method and an apparatus. The method can reduce an accuracy loss of model data, and includes: A first device determines second information based on first information, where the second information is used by a second device to quantize first model data, the first information includes an evaluation loss corresponding to a current round of training, the second information includes a quantization error threshold, and the first model data is model data that is after the current round of training; the first device sends the second information to the second device; and the first device receives a first message sent by the second device, where the first message includes quantized first model data and first quantization configuration information.

Abstract: A federated learning method, apparatus, and system are disclosed. A first node obtains data distribution information of a plurality of second nodes based on a target data feature required by a training task; the first node selects at least two target second nodes from the plurality of second nodes based on a target data class required by the training task and the data distribution information of the plurality of second nodes; and the first node indicates the at least two target second nodes to perform federated learning, to obtain a federated learning model that is in the training task and that corresponds to the target data class. In this way, when participants have a plurality of data distributions, a trained model is prevented, as much as possible, from being affected by data poisoning.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a communication method, apparatus. One example method includes: a first data analytics network element receive a first request from a sec data analytics network element, wherein the first request carries an analytics type identifier and second model requirement information, and the first request requests information of a model that corresponds to the analytics type identifier and meets the second model requirement information. The second data analytics network element receives the information of the model from the first data analytics network element.

Abstract: A device comprising a fiber grating loop ringdown (FGLRD) system of analysis is disclosed. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) or Long-Period grating (LPG) written in a section of single mode fused silica fiber is incorporated into a fiber loop. By utilizing the wing areas of the gratings' bandwidth as a wavelength dependent attenuator of the light transmission, a fiber grating loop ringdown concept is formed. One aspect of the present invention is temperature sensing, which has been demonstrated using the disclosed device. Temperature measurements in the areas of accuracy, stability, high temperature, and dynamic range are also described.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling a light source used in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The apparatus comprises a controller that generates a control signal to activate and deactivate the light source based on a comparison of an energy signal from a resonant cavity and a threshold. The light source is activated for a time period based on the stabilization time of the light source and the time necessary to provide sufficient energy to the resonant cavity. Thereafter the controller deactivates the light source for a predetermined time period by interrupting its current source so that the light energy in the cavity rings down and so that the presence of analyte can be measured. The light energy from the light source is directly coupled to the resonant cavity from the light source.

Abstract: A novel fiber ringdown (FRP) pressure sensor is provided for measuring extremely high pressures under extreme environmental conditions of cold and heat. Pressure measurements are achieved in a time domain by measuring ringdown times of emitted light through the fiber optic loop of the device. The novel FRP sensor can include a light source, such as a diode laser light source, two 2×1 fiber couplers, a section of fused silica single mode fiber, a photodetector, and an electronic control. The novel FRP sensor's performance in the areas of stability, reproducibility, dynamic range, and temperature tolerance are far above those of conventional sensors.

Abstract: Provided is a novel system for conducting elemental measurements using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The present invention provides sensitivity thousands of times improved over conventional devices and does so with the advantages of low power, low plasma flow rate, and the ability being sustained with various gases.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling a light source used in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The apparatus comprises a controller that generates a control signal to activate and deactivate the light source based on a comparison of an energy signal from a resonant cavity and a threshold. The light source is activated for a time period based on the stabilization time of the light source and the time necessary to provide sufficient energy to the resonant cavity. Thereafter the controller deactivates the light source for a predetermined time period by interrupting its current source so that the light energy in the cavity rings down and so that the presence of analyte can be measured. The light energy from the light source is directly coupled to the resonant cavity from the light source.

Abstract: A novel fiber ringdown (FRP) pressure sensor is provided for measuring extremely high pressures under extreme environmental conditions of cold and heat. Pressure measurements are achieved in a time domain by measuring ringdown times of emitted light through the fiber optic loop of the device. The novel FRP sensor can include a light source, such as a diode laser light source, two 2×1 fiber couplers, a section of fused silica single mode fiber, a photodetector, and an electronic control. The novel FRP sensor's performance in the areas of stability, reproducibility, dynamic range, and temperature tolerance are far above those of conventional sensors.

Abstract: Provided is a novel system for conducting elemental measurements using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The present invention provides sensitivity thousands of times improved over conventional devices and does so with the advantages of low power, low plasma flow rate, and the ability being sustained with various gases.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus to analyze breath gas for diagnosing diabetes. The apparatus determines acetone levels in breath gas samples and provides a diagnostic results based on the acetone levels. The present invention further provides a method of using such apparatus to distinguish healthy people and patients with early diabetes or sever diabetes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling a light source used in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The apparatus comprises a controller that generates a control signal to activate and deactivate the light source based on a comparison of an energy signal from a resonant cavity and a threshold. The light source is activated for a predetermined period based on the stabilization time of the light source and the time necessary to provide sufficient energy to the resonant cavity. Thereafter the controller deactivates the light source for a predetermined time period by interrupting its current source so that the light energy in the cavity ring downs and so that the presence of analyte can be measured. The light energy from the light source is directly coupled to the resonant cavity from the light source.