Abstract: A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) with a first structure of a ordinary optical material is enhanced with a second structure of a nonlinear optical material. The second structure provides or enhances nonlinear optical effects within the PIC. The first structure and the second structure may be in distinct layers. The first structure may be directly over and in contact with the second structure. Alternatively, the first structure and the second structures may be evanescently coupled while being vertically separated by a layer of cladding material. Lateral spacing may be used in combination with vertically spacing to precisely control a degree coupling between the first structure and the second structure.

Abstract: A method includes fabricating active-region structures extending in a first direction on a substrate, and fabricating a plurality of gate-conductors extending in a second direction above the substrate. The method also includes fabricating a backside horizontal conducting line in a backside first conducting layer below the substrate and having the backside horizontal conducting line extending in the first direction across a vertical boundary of a circuit cell. The method further includes fabricating a pin-connector that is connected to the backside horizontal conducting line, and fabricating a backside vertical conducting line extending in the second direction in a backside second conducting layer below the backside first conducting layer. The pin-connector is directly connected between the backside horizontal conducting line and the backside vertical conducting line.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the (DC) voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. Third, fourth and fifth ends of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A method of producing lipid-based micro/nano bubbles includes steps of (a) preparing a lipid mixture including one or more first lipids with different phase transition temperature, and a second lipid bonding with a hydrophilic polymer moiety or molecules capable of getting across a lipid membrane and decreasing van der Waals forces between lipid bilayers; (b) emulsifying the lipid mixture with a solvent, to form a transparent lipid carrier solution; (c) placing the transparent lipid carrier solution in a closed vessel with halo-substituted hydrocarbon; (d) manipulating temperature of the transparent lipid carrier solution to be close to a main phase transition temperature thereof; and (e) agitating in a mechanical manner the vessel containing the transparent lipid carrier solution to form micro/nano bubbles within the closed vessel. This method contributes to form micro/nano bubbles with desired diameters in a way of optimal material utilization efficiency.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprises a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of a battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of an automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of a load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with a third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a battery, wherein a positive pole of the battery is connected with a first end of a DC to DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with a second end of the DC to DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller, the three second ends of which are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of the load detection module respectively. A second end of the load detection module is connected with a third end of the automobile start control module and a second end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller , one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger which comprise a direct current voltage, wherein a positive pole of the direct current voltage is connected with one end or lead of a DC to DC module, one end of a battery voltage detection module and one end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the battery is connected with the other end of the DC to DC module, one end of a microcontroller, one end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC to DC module is connected with the other end of the microcontroller, the other three ends of which are connected with the third end of the battery voltage detection module, the other end of the automobile start control module and one end of the load detection module respectively. The other end of the load detection module is connected with the third end of the automobile start control module and the other end of the load module simultaneously.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the (DC) voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. Third, fourth and fifth ends of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. A first end, a fourth end, and a fifth end of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A method of producing lipid-based micro/nano bubbles includes steps of (a) preparing a lipid mixture including one or more first lipids with different phase transition temperature, and a second lipid bonding with a hydrophilic polymer moiety or molecules capable of getting across a lipid membrane and decreasing van der Waals forces between lipid bilayers; (b) emulsifying the lipid mixture with a solvent, to form a transparent lipid carrier solution; (c) placing the transparent lipid carrier solution in a closed vessel with halo-substituted hydrocarbon; (d) manipulating temperature of the transparent lipid carrier solution to be close to a main phase transition temperature thereof; and (e) agitating in a mechanical manner the vessel containing the transparent lipid carrier solution to form micro/nano bubbles within the closed vessel. This method contributes to form micro/nano bubbles with desired diameters in a way of optimal material utilization efficiency.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the (DC) voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously, while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. Third, fourth and fifth ends of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the (DC) voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. Third, fourth, and fifth ends of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A novel automobile charger comprises a direct current (DC) voltage supply, wherein a positive pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a first end or a first lead of a DC-to-DC module, a first end of a battery voltage detection module and a first end of a load module simultaneously while a negative pole of the DC voltage supply is connected with a second end of the DC-to-DC module, a first end of a microcontroller, a first end of an automobile start control module and a second end of the battery voltage detection module simultaneously. A third end of the DC-to-DC module is connected with a second end of the microcontroller. Third, fourth, and fifth ends of the microcontroller are connected with a third end of the battery voltage detection module, a second end of the automobile start control module and a first end of a load detection module respectively.

Abstract: A method of producing lipid-based micro/nano bubbles includes steps of (a) preparing a lipid mixture including one or more first lipids with different phase transition temperature, and a second lipid bonding with a hydrophilic polymer moiety or molecules capable of getting across a lipid membrane and decreasing van der Waals forces between lipid bilayers; (b) emulsifying the lipid mixture with a solvent, to form a transparent lipid carrier solution; (c) placing the transparent lipid carrier solution in a closed vessel with halo-substituted hydrocarbon; (d) manipulating temperature of the transparent lipid carrier solution to be close to a main phase transition temperature thereof; and (e) agitating in a mechanical manner the vessel containing the transparent lipid carrier solution to form micro/nano bubbles within the closed vessel. This method contributes to form micro/nano bubbles with desired diameters in a way of optimal material utilization efficiency.