Abstract: Proprioceptive torque distribution control systems and methods for an electrified vehicle having a multi-motor electrified powertrain including two or more electric motors involve an accelerometer sensor system configured to measure accelerations of the electrified vehicle relative to three perpendicular axes, and a controller configured to determine four relative degrees of contact by four wheels of the electrified vehicle with a ground surface, respectively, based on the measured accelerations and travel of a suspension of the electrified vehicle, and control a distribution of a total amount of drive torque generated by the multi-motor electrified powertrain between the four wheels of the electrified vehicle based on their respective four relative degrees of contact with the ground surface to thereby improve performance and stability of the electrified vehicle.

Abstract: A control system that controls speed of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in a series hybrid vehicle includes an accelerator pedal, a vehicle speed sensor and a controller. The accelerator pedal sends a torque request signal. The vehicle speed sensor sends a vehicle speed signal. The controller receives the torque request signal and the vehicle speed signal. The controller is configured to calculate, based on the torque request and vehicle speed signals, a driver power request; calculate engine power limits including (i) a maximum engine power that includes the driver power request plus an upper offset; and (ii) a minimum engine power that includes the driver power request minus a lower offset; select a most efficient engine operating point between the maximum and minimum power; and control the ICE to operate at the most efficient engine operating point.

Abstract: In at least some implementations, a method of determining rotational inertia of a vehicle wheel is accomplished by applying torque to the wheel and determining a rotational characteristic of the wheel resulting from the applied torque. The method includes the steps of applying torque at a first level to a wheel, determining one or more rotational speeds of the wheel caused by the torque at the first level, applying torque at a second level to the wheel, where the second level is different than the first level, determining one or more rotational speeds of the wheel caused by the torque at the second level, and determining a rotational inertia of the wheel as a function of the one or more rotational speeds of the wheel caused by both the torque at the first level and the torque at the second level.

Abstract: Dynamic slip target control systems and method for a multi-motor electrified powertrain of an electrified vehicle including a driveline having four wheels involve determining (i) a steering angle of the driveline of the electrified vehicle, (ii) a vehicle speed of the electrified vehicle, and (iii) a wheel speed of each the four wheels of the driveline, dynamically determining a target wheel slip based on a wheel speed model with inputs including the steering angle and vehicle speed, determining an expected differential speed based on the dynamically determined target wheel slip, determining a torque bias adjustment based on a difference between wheel speed errors and the expected differential speed, and controlling two or more electric motors of the multi-motor electrified powertrain based on an estimated torque bias and the torque bias adjustment.

Abstract: Proprioceptive torque distribution control systems and methods for an electrified vehicle having a multi-motor electrified powertrain including two or more electric motors involve an accelerometer sensor system configured to measure accelerations of the electrified vehicle relative to three perpendicular axes, and a controller configured to determine four relative degrees of contact by four wheels of the electrified vehicle with a ground surface, respectively, based on the measured accelerations and travel of a suspension of the electrified vehicle, and control a distribution of a total amount of drive torque generated by the multi-motor electrified powertrain between the four wheels of the electrified vehicle based on their respective four relative degrees of contact with the ground surface to thereby improve performance and stability of the electrified vehicle.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of railway, and discloses a hypereutectoid rail and a manufacturing method thereof, which includes rolling a steel billet containing V and Ti, wherein, based on its total weight, the steel billet contains C of 0.85-0.94 wt %, and the relation between the start rolling temperature Tstart/final rolling temperature Tfinal and the content of V and the content of Ti satisfies the following formulas: Tstart=1100+a([V]+5[Ti]), Tfinal=750+b([V]+5[Ti]), wherein, 500?a?800, 300?b?500; based on its total weight, the steel billet contains V of 0.03-0.08 wt %, Ti of 0.011-0.02 wt %, and [V]+5[Ti]: 0.12-0.14 wt %. The hypereutectoid rail manufactured with the method has excellent comprehensive performance of strength and toughness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat treatment method for increasing the depth of hardening layer in a steel rail, and belongs to the field of steel rail production process. The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a heat treatment method for increasing the depth of hardening layer in a steel rail and a steel rail obtained with the method. The method comprises the following steps: cooling a finished rolling steel rail by natural cooling, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 660˜730° C.; cooling the steel rail by accelerated cooling at 1.5˜3.5° C./s cooling rate, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 500˜550° C.; increasing the cooling rate by 1.0˜2.0° C./s and further cooling down the steel rail, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 450° C. or lower; then, stopping the accelerated cooling, and cooling down the steel rail by air cooling to room temperature.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for heat treatment of hypereutectoid steel rail, including the following steps: holding the temperature of the steel rail of which temperature is above 900° C. after finish rolling, conducting a first cooling stage for the steel rail at the first cooling speed after the temperature holding to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 700-750° C., conducting a second cooling stage for the steel rail at the second cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 550° C., conducting a third cooling stage for the steel rail at the third cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 450° C. or less, and continuing to cool the steel rail in the air.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat treatment method of turnout track comprising performing an accelerated cooling on the turnout track to be treated having a railhead tread with a temperature of 650-900° C. so as to obtain the turnout track with full pearlite metallographic structure, wherein the accelerated cooling velocity performed on the working side of railhead of the turnout track is higher than that performed on the non-working side of the railhead of the turnout track. The present invention provides a turnout track obtained with a heat treatment process as depicted therein. The turnout track in present invention has good straightness; both the hardness and tensile strength of the working side of railhead are higher than that of the non-working side of railhead.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a heat treatment method for a bainitic turnout rail, which includes: naturally cooling the turnout rail at a temperature in an austenite region after being finishing rolled to 450-480° C. at a tread center of a rail head of the turnout rail; accelerated cooling the naturally cooled turnout rail to 230-270° C. at the tread center of the rail head, a cooling rate at the tread center and a non-working side of the rail head being 1.5-5.0° C./s, a cooling rate at the working side of the rail head increasing by 0.1-1.0° C./s based on 1.5-5.0° C./s; continuously accelerated cooling the working side, the tread center and the non-working side of the rail head at a cooling rate of 0.05-0.25° C./s to decrease a temperature of the tread center of the rail head to 265-270° C.; and finally, naturally cooling the turnout rail to an ambient temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high-strength, highly wear-resistant, and highly contact-fatigue-resistant steel rail and a production method thereof, and belongs to the field of black steel manufacturing technology. The present invention provides a high-strength and highly fatigue-resistant steel rail, comprising the following chemical components by weight percentage: C: 0.76%˜0.86%; Si: 0.6%˜1%; Mn: 0.7%˜1.5%, Cr: 0.1%˜0.5%, and 0.8%?Mn %+Cr %?1.6%; V: 0.05%˜0.3%, Ni: 0.1%˜0.35%, and 0.15%?V %+Ni %?0.4%; Mo: ?0.03%; P: ?0.02%; S: ?0.015%; Fe and inevitable impurities: the remaining content, wherein, the metallurgical structure of the steel rail is fine pearlite+A, where, A is proeutectoid ferrite or proeutectoid cementite, and A?2%. The tensile strength of the obtained steel rail is 1,260 MPa˜1,420 MPa.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat treatment method for increasing the depth of hardening layer in a steel rail, and belongs to the field of steel rail production process. The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a heat treatment method for increasing the depth of hardening layer in a steel rail and a steel rail obtained with the method. The method comprises the following steps: cooling a finished rolling steel rail by natural cooling, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 660˜730° C.; cooling the steel rail by accelerated cooling at 1.5˜3.5° C./s cooling rate, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 500˜550° C.; increasing the cooling rate by 1.0˜2.0° C./s and further cooling down the steel rail, till the temperature at the center of rail head surface is 450° C. or lower; then, stopping the accelerated cooling, and cooling down the steel rail by air cooling to room temperature.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a bainitic steel rail containing trace amounts of carbides, wherein, the bainitic steel rail mainly consists of bainitic structures, the carbides have a length of 0.05-0.5 ?m, the major axis of carbides is oriented to a direction at a 50-70° included angle from the direction of the major axis of bainitic ferrite plates, and the carbides account for 1%-5% by volume. The present invention further discloses a method for producing a bainitic steel rail containing trace amounts of carbides, comprising: cooling a steel rail with residual heat after finish rolling by air cooling, till the temperature at the center of the rail head tread reaches 420-450° C.; cooling the rail head part of the steel rail by accelerated cooling at a 2.0-5.0° C./s cooling rate, till the temperature at the center of the rail head tread reaches 220-240° C.; loading the steel rail into a tempering furnace and tempering at 300-350° C.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for heat treatment of hypereutectoid steel rail, including the following steps: holding the temperature of the steel rail of which temperature is above 900° C. after finish rolling, conducting a first cooling stage for the steel rail at the first cooling speed after the temperature holding to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 700-750° C., conducting a second cooling stage for the steel rail at the second cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 550° C., conducting a third cooling stage for the steel rail at the third cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 450° C. or less, and continuing to cool the steel rail in the air.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat treatment method of turnout track comprising performing an accelerated cooling on the turnout track to be treated having a railhead tread with a temperature of 650-900° C. so as to obtain the turnout track with full pearlite metallographic structure, wherein the accelerated cooling velocity performed on the working side of railhead of the turnout track is higher than that performed on the non-working side of the railhead of the turnout track. The present invention provides a turnout track obtained with a heat treatment process as depicted therein. The turnout track in present invention has good straightness; both the hardness and tensile strength of the working side of railhead are higher than that of the non-working side of railhead.

Abstract: A method for heat-treating a bainite steel rail is disclosed. The method includes: cooling a rolled steel rail naturally to lower a surface temperature of a rail head of the steel rail to 460° C. ?490° C.; cooling the steel rail forcely at a cooling rate of 2.0° C./s-4.0° C./s to lower the surface temperature of the rail head to 250° C.-290° C.; placing the steel rail in an ambient temperature until the surface temperature of the rail head is more than 300° C.; performing a tempering on the steel rail in a heating furnace at 300° C.-350° C. for 2 h-6 h; and air cooling the steel rail to the ambient temperature. Steel rails heat-treated by present method may have a stable retained austenite structure and a good mechanical performance.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a heat treatment method for a bainitic turnout rail, which includes: naturally cooling the turnout rail at a temperature in an austenite region after being finishing rolled to 450-480° C. at a tread center of a rail head of the turnout rail; accelerated cooling the naturally cooled turnout rail to 230-270° C. at the tread center of the rail head, a cooling rate at the tread center and a non-working side of the rail head being 1.5-5.0° C./s, a cooling rate at the working side of the rail head increasing by 0.1-1.0° C./s based on 1.5-5.0° C./s; continuously accelerated cooling the working side, the tread center and the non-working side of the rail head at a cooling rate of 0.05-0.25° C./s to decrease a temperature of the tread center of the rail head to 265-270° C.; and finally, naturally cooling the turnout rail to an ambient temperature.