Abstract: An apparatus comprises: a first input tap; a first optical modulator coupled to the first input tap; a first output tap coupled to the first optical modulator so that the first optical modulator is positioned between the first input tap and the first output tap; and a controller indirectly coupled to the first input tap and the first output tap.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises: a first input tap; a first optical modulator coupled to the first input tap; a first output tap coupled to the first optical modulator so that the first optical modulator is positioned between the first input tap and the first output tap; and a controller indirectly coupled to the first input tap and the first output tap.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising a plurality of modulators, wherein each of the plurality of modulators comprises an optical input port and an optical output port, and wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on one face of the modulation block. Another apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising one or more Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), wherein each MZM is coupled to an optical input port, an optical output port, and at least one electrical trace, wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on a first side of the modulation block, and wherein all of the electrical traces are positioned on a second side of the modulation block, and a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) coupled to the modulation block via an optical interface.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising a plurality of modulators, wherein each of the plurality of modulators comprises an optical input port and an optical output port, and wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on one face of the modulation block. Another apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising one or more Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), wherein each MZM is coupled to an optical input port, an optical output port, and at least one electrical trace, wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on a first side of the modulation block, and wherein all of the electrical traces are positioned on a second side of the modulation block, and a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) coupled to the modulation block via an optical interface.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising a plurality of modulators, wherein each of the plurality of modulators comprises an optical input port and an optical output port, and wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on one face of the modulation block. Another apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising one or more Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), wherein each MZM is coupled to an optical input port, an optical output port, and at least one electrical trace, wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on a first side of the modulation block, and wherein all of the electrical traces are positioned on a second side of the modulation block, and a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) coupled to the modulation block via an optical interface.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a transmitter configured to generate an optical signal comprising a carrier modulated with at least two sidebands modulated with information, wherein the information introduces a separation gap in a frequency domain between the sidebands and the carrier, wherein one of the sidebands is an undesired sideband and another one of the sidebands is a desired sideband with a higher power intensity than the undesired sideband. A method comprising receiving an optical carrier from a light source and modulating the optical carrier with at least two sidebands modulated with information, wherein the information introduces a separation gap in a frequency domain between the sidebands and the optical carrier, wherein one of the sidebands is an undesired sideband and another one of the sidebands is a desired sideband having a higher power intensity than the undesired sideband.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a transmitter configured to generate an optical signal comprising a carrier modulated with at least two sidebands modulated with information, wherein the information introduces a separation gap in a frequency domain between the sidebands and the carrier, wherein one of the sidebands is an undesired sideband and another one of the sidebands is a desired sideband with a higher power intensity than the undesired sideband. A method comprising receiving an optical carrier from a light source and modulating the optical carrier with at least two sidebands modulated with information, wherein the information introduces a separation gap in a frequency domain between the sidebands and the optical carrier, wherein one of the sidebands is an undesired sideband and another one of the sidebands is a desired sideband having a higher power intensity than the undesired sideband.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising a plurality of modulators, wherein each of the plurality of modulators comprises an optical input port and an optical output port, and wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on one face of the modulation block. Another apparatus comprising a modulation block comprising one or more Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), wherein each MZM is coupled to an optical input port, an optical output port, and at least one electrical trace, wherein all of the optical input ports and all of the optical output ports are positioned on a first side of the modulation block, and wherein all of the electrical traces are positioned on a second side of the modulation block, and a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) coupled to the modulation block via an optical interface.