Abstract: A resistive hydrogen sensor has at least two electrical connections and at least one resistance layer containing at least one suitable material for incorporating hydrogen, via which the electrical connections are connected to each other. The resistance layer adjoins at least one interface on a contact layer, which contains at least one chemical element from the fourth subgroup of the periodic table and/or carbon. The contact layer connected in series between the electrical connections to the resistance layer.

Abstract: A voltage supply has a plurality of voltage sources to supply output connections. To achieve closed-loop control of the output voltage at the output connections, a closed-loop control circuit is provided that has an actuating element for each voltage source, and each respective actuating element has a current path via which a connection of the respective voltage source can be connected to an output connection. Each actuating element has an actuating signal input for setting the electrical conductivity of its current path. The closed-loop control circuit has a closed-loop controller to which the output voltage and a desired voltage signal are supplied. When a deviation occurs between the output voltage and the desired voltage signal, the closed-loop controller interacts with at least one actuating signal input in order to reduce the deviation.

Abstract: A voltage supply has a plurality of voltage sources to supply output connections. To achieve closed-loop control of the output voltage at the output connections, a closed-loop control circuit is provided that has an actuating element for each voltage source, and each respective actuating element has a current path via which a connection of the respective voltage source can be connected to an output connection. Each actuating element has an actuating signal input for setting the electrical conductivity of its current path. The closed-loop control circuit has a closed-loop controller to which the output voltage and a desired voltage signal are supplied. When a deviation occurs between the output voltage and the desired voltage signal, the closed-loop controller interacts with at least one actuating signal input in order to reduce the deviation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for detecting at least one ligand contained in a sample that is to be analyzed. Said device comprises an optical waveguide, on the surface of which at least one ligand-specific receptor is directly or indirectly immobilized. The ligand bonds to said receptor during contact therewith. The inventive device comprises at least one optical source of radiation for injecting excitation radiation into the waveguide, the radiation being used for exciting emission of luminescence radiation in accordance with the bonding of the ligand to the receptor. At least one radiation receiver is integrated into the semiconductor substrate of a semiconductor chip so as to detect the luminescence radiation. The waveguide is integrated in a monolithic manner into the semiconductor substrate or is applied thereupon as a wave-guiding layer.