Abstract: Bulk materials are filled in the dry state, under an inert gas atmosphere, into a transporting vessel, which then has an excess inert gas pressure. The operation of emptying the bulk material out of the transporting vessel likewise takes place under an inert gas atmosphere. The method and the apparatus are suitable for transporting bulk materials which are sensitive to air and moisture.

Abstract: The loss of packets in a communication system can be minimized in an optimal manner by adapting a set of error correction (EC) parameters in response to a calculated probability of packet loss. The calculated probability is obtained from derived algorithms that are applied to a set of communication parameters. Algorithms are derived from Bernoulli-distributed traffic models and constant bit rate (CBR) traffic models of the communication system. A collapsed-state model is used to derive a very efficient algorithm that calculates an approximate probability of packet loss. Alternate applications for the algorithms are also disclosed.

Abstract: Geographically oriented units of a given first hierarchical level of a radio communication system are assigned to geographically oriented units of at least one higher second hierarchical level by: Setting up functions that specify, as a function of a number of subscribers of a radio communication system, a size of a load, that is selected from the group consisting of a radio load and a switching load, and that is caused by a geographically oriented unit of a first hierarchical level at a node of the radio communication system. Setting up a formula which, using the functions, permits a size of a processing load occurring at each node, in a case of a given assignment of geographically oriented units of the first hierarchical level to geographically oriented units of the second hierarchical level, to be calculated for a given number of the subscribers.

Abstract: Geographically oriented units of a given first hierarchical level of a radio communication system are assigned to geographically oriented units of at least one higher second hierarchical level by: Setting up functions that specify, as a function of a number of subscribers of a radio communication system, a size of a load, that is selected from the group consisting of a radio load and a switching load, and that is caused by a geographically oriented unit of a first hierarchical level at a node of the radio communication system. Setting up a formula which, using the functions, permits a size of a processing load occurring at each node, in a case of a given assignment of geographically oriented units of the first hierarchical level to geographically oriented units of the second hierarchical level, to be calculated for a given number of the subscribers.

Abstract: A lifting airfoil (10) includes a landing flap (20) movably connected to a main airfoil body (10') so as to form at least a portion of the trailing edge of the airfoil. The landing flap (20) includes a leading edge nose (21) and a trailing edge body (22), which are each bounded by an upper cover skin (23) and a lower cover skin (24). The trailing edge body (22) is connected to the leading edge (21) by the continuous upper cover skin (23), while a gap (25) interrupts the lower cover skin (24) between the leading edge nose (21) and the trailing edge body (22). The flap (20) is mounted on a carriage (31) that moves along a guide rail (30) so as to be slidably and pivotably extendable during take-off and landing phases of a flight.

Abstract: A cement clinker manufacturing installation a rotary kiln (10) having secondary firing and a grate cooler (16) with a high degree of heat recuperation. Instead of placing the grate cooler (16) in-line with the rotary kiln (10), the grate cooler (16) is positioned with its clinker transport direction (16a) transverse to the longitudinal axis of the rotary kiln (10). This angular positioning of the grate cooler (16) permits a discharge of hot air from the grate cooler as combustion air for the secondary firing of the calcination state by way of a discharge opening (20 or 21) on the lateral half of the kiln discharge housing (11) in which the beginning of the recuperation zone of the grate surface (15) of the grate cooler (16) is located. Thus somewhat cooler secondary air (18) flows into the rotary kiln (16) thereby avoiding excessively high temperatures at the rotary kiln discharge without reduction in overall thermal efficiency of the cement plant.

Abstract: A partial flue gas stream is extracted from the rotary kiln of a cement plant. This partial bypass of hot flue gas is passed through a cooler (23) and then passed through a dust collector (24). Fine granular dust (30) from the dust collector (24) is fed directly to a dust collecting vessel. The coarse granular dust (28, 29) from the dust collector (24) is fed to a suspension type cyclone heat exchanger (33) operated directly with cooling air (32) and there cooled by means of direct heat transfer. The heated cooling air (39) extracted from the hot dust cooler (33) by a draft fan (40) is fed to the partial flue gas stream, such as by feeding it to the gas stream cooler (23).

Abstract: In order to create a grate plate design for a thrust grating cooler for cooling hot material such as, for example, cement clinker, this grate plate design has troughs at its upper side for accepting and retaining cool material for the purpose of protecting the grate plate against thermal overload, whereby these troughs are to be supplied with cooling air via cooling air channels arranged therebetween and via air exit slots without the risk of blockage thereof. A grate plate is provided wherein a plurality of cooling air channels that extend up to the upper side of the grate plates and limit the troughs from one another are arranged in the grate plate member parallel to the longitudinal axis of the grate plates, and whereby the partitions between the air channels and the troughs comprise air exit slots proceeding parallel to the longitudinal axis of the plates which are arranged immediately above the bottom plate of the grate plate.

Abstract: In cement clinker production lines having calcinator connected upstream of the rotary kiln and equipped with a second firing, in order that the most complete possible burnup or residual burnup, favorable from the standpoint of thermal economy, of uncombusted fuel constituents such as, for example, CO and/or uncombusted residual carbon be enabled in the calcinator, and indeed in the case of calcinators without, but in particular with, a device for the reduction of the NO.sub.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for calcining fine grained material in the manufacture of cement clinker wherein material is preheated and partially calcined in a cyclone preheater, further partially calcined by a waste zone wherein waste material such as used tires are burned in an excess of oxygen, completely calcined in a kiln, the exhaust gases from the waste zone and kiln fed to a separate auxiliary burning zone which is supplied only with fuel and utilizes the excess oxygen from the waste zone reducing the presence of CO and the CO surges, and the heat from the burning zone is fed to the preheaters to further precalcine the material.