Abstract: In a method for the personalization of portable data carriers into a non-volatile memory of the data carrier there are written personalization data, wherein the personalization at first is carried out as a virtual personalization in a virtual data carrier, then a memory image is generated as a bit-true image of a memory of the virtual data carrier and finally the memory image with the aid of its physical memory addresses is directly introduced into the memory of the real data carrier. Here the personalization data in addition to the initialization data also comprise individualization data. Preferably, the introduction of the personalization data into the data carrier can be carried out after the production of the data carrier at an authority issuing the data carrier or at the end user.

Abstract: In a method for the personalization of portable data carriers (700) into a non-volatile memory (350) of the data carrier (700) there are written personalization data (100,101,102), wherein the personalization at first is carried out as a virtual personalization (1000) in a virtual data carrier (500), then a memory image (250) is generated as a bit-true image of a memory (150) of the virtual data carrier (500) and finally the memory image (250) with the aid of its physical memory addresses is directly introduced into the memory (350) of the real data carrier (700). Here the personalization data (100, 101, 102) in addition to the initialization data (90) also comprise individualization data (110, 111, 112). Preferably, the introduction of the personalization data (100,101,102) into the data carrier (700) can be carried out after the production of the data carrier (700) at an authority issuing the data carrier (700) or at the end user.