Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for reducing foliar chloroplast movement in plants and trees to enhance CO2 trapping (carbon capture) from the air while naturally increasing the oxygen in the atmosphere and diluting the concentration of greenhouse gasses. Also provided are methods for measuring foliar chloroplast avoidance in response to treatments designed to reduce avoidance.

Abstract: A method and suitable apparatus for periodically analyzing pulp stock, including wood pulp and water, in a pulp digester, to determine the amount of cooking to which the pulp has been subjected. The method includes taking a sample of the pulp stock from the digester, diluting the sample to a predetermined range of consistency, and determining the exact consistency of the sample. Next, the sample is transferred to a reaction chamber. A reagent is then added to the sample and allowed to react with the sample at a predetermined temperature. The light absorbance of the reagent during the reaction is continuously monitored during the reaction. After the light absorbance has clearly passed a peak, the value of the peak is combined with the consistency of the sample, previously determined, to arrive at the amount of cooking to which the sample had been subjected prior to the test, from a known relationship thereof to the light absorbance of the reagent and the consistency of the sample.

Abstract: A method and suitable apparatus for periodically analyzing pulp stock, including wood pulp and water, in a pulp digester, which may or may not be part of a paper machine, to determine the amount of cooking to which the pulp has been subjected. The method includes diluting a sample of the pulp stock from the digester, diluting the sample to a predetermined range of consistency, and determining the exact consistency of the sample. Consistency can be determined by any suitable commercially available apparatus. Next, substantially all the water is removed from the sample. A reagent, preferably a 14 percent solution of nitric acid in water, is then added to the sample and allowed to react with the sample for a predetermined time interval at a predetermined temperature. The light absorbance of the reagent during and after the reaction is determined by the amount of cooking to which the pulp has been subjected and the consistency of the sample.

Abstract: This invention relates to a pipe seal or joint, and refers especially to a seal between an inner tubular surface and an outer tubular surface. The invention is concerned particularly, but is not limited, to seals of the O-ring or D-ring type employed in the joining of concrete pipes, for example for use between the spigot of one pipe and the socket of an adjacent pipe. The invention is applicable to the seals or joints between inner and outer tubular surfaces, such as pipes or other members, in which a sealing member is located in a recess formed in the outer surface, or in the body forming the outer surface.