Abstract: A method for determining the composition of a material including the steps of fitting multivariate analytical data of the material to a combination of multivariate analytical data in a database to determine coefficients of the combination so as to determine a reference model of composition based on the coefficients and the compositions in the database, wherein the database includes multivariate analytical data of database materials whose compositions are known, and reconciling the reference model of composition to match properties of the material.

Abstract: A method for determining the composition of a material including the steps of fitting multivariate analytical data of the material to a combination of multivariate analytical data in a database to determine coefficients of the combination so as to determine a reference model of composition based on the coefficients and the compositions in the database, wherein the database includes multivariate analytical data of database materials whose compositions are known, and reconciling the reference model of composition to match properties of the material.

Abstract: Nitrogenous compounds especially bases such as ammonia vapor are used to control the operation of a hydrocracker or catalytic dewaxer. Catalyst activity and selectivity may be controlled by addition of the base to the feed, for example, to control the balance between isomerization and hydrocracking in an operation using a zeolite beta catalyst. Runaway conditions may be controlled by the addition of nitrogenous compounds to regulate the temperature profile within the reactor.

Abstract: Nitrogenous compounds especially bases such as ammonia vapor are used to control the operation of a hydrocracker or catalytic dewaxer. Catalyst activity and selectivity may be controlled by addition of the base to the feed, for example, to control the balance between isomerization and hydrocracking in an operation using a zeolite beta catalyst. Runaway conditions may be controlled by the addition of nitrogenous compounds to regulate the temperature profile within the reactor.

Abstract: There is provided a process for regenerating a coked catalyst comprising a zeolite and a noble metal such as platinum. The process involves treating the coked catalyst under somewhat mild oxidation conditions, whereby a sufficient portion of the coke is removed from the catalyst to restore the hydrocarbon sorption properties of the zeolite component to the level observed in the non-coked form. Surprisingly, the original activity of the catalyst is substantially restored, even though a substantial amount of coke remains on the regenerated catalyst.

Abstract: There is provided a process for ring opening of aromatics and cycloaliphatics, as well as isomerization of aliphatics. The feedstream to this process comprises hydrocarbons having 6 carbon atoms. The process involves the use of at least two reactors connected in series. The first reactor comprises a zeolite catalyst and is operated under conditions which particularly promote ring opening. The catalyst in this first reactor may comprise zeolite Beta and platinum. A downstream reactor is operated under conditions to promote isomerization of aliphatics. The catalyst in the second reactor may comprise alumina, platinum and a chloride component. Hydrogen in the effluent of the first reactor may be removed and recycled to the first reactor. Hydrogen required for the second reactor may be satisfied by hydrogen remaining dissolved in the effluent from the first reactor after hydrogen is recycled to the first reactor.

Abstract: Nitrogenous compounds especially bases such as amines are used to control the operation of a hydrocracker. Catalyst activity and selectivity may be controlled by addition of the base to the feed, for example, to control the balance between isomerization and conversion in an operation using a zeolite beta catalyst. Runaway conditions may be controlled by the addition of nitrogenous compounds and if they are added at intermediate points along the length of the reactor, the temperature profile within the reactor can be effectively regulated.

Abstract: The equilibration of a zeolitic hydrocracking catalyst is accelerated by the addition of nitrogen compounds to the hydrocracker feed during the start of cycle (SOC). Addition of the nitrogen compounds reduces the exotherm, indicative of a decrease in the hydrogenation activity of the catalyst consequent upon the addition of the nitrogen. The reduced hydrogenation level decreases hydrogen consumption at this point in the cycle so that units which are hydrogen constrained may be operated under more favorable conditions. In addition, the attainment of equilibrium or lineout conditions is accelerated and yield benefits, particularly in the production of middle distillates are observed.

Abstract: Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid-promoted catalyst, said catalyst comprising a synthetic porous crystalline material characterized in its calcined form by an X-ray diffraction pattern including interplanar d-spacings at 12.36.+-.0.4, 11.03.+-.0.2, 8.83.+-.0.14, 6.18.+-.0.12, 6.00.+-.0.10, 4.06.+-.0.07, 3.91.+-.0.07 and 3.42.+-.0.06 Angstroms.

Abstract: This invention provides a fixed bed of nonuniformly sized grade catalyst particles for hydrocracking or hydrodesulfurization. The graded particles are arranged with the largest particles in either the upstream or the downstream portion of the bed. In either case, when compared with the conventional bed of uniformly sized particles, the graded bed of this invention shows enhanced hydrocarbon conversion activity for heavy oils over a useful range of conversion. Such catalyst bed is particularly useful in moderate hydrocracking operating at less than 1000 psig (7000 kPa) pressure.

Abstract: The quality of alkylate resulting from the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst comprising a large pore zeolite, e.g., zeolite Beta, and a Lewis acid, e.g., BF.sub.3, is significantly improved by the presence of added water in the alkylation reaction zone.

Abstract: A hydrocracking process employing a hydrocracking catalyst based on zeolite beta together with a metal hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component recycles the unconverted, hydrocracked bottoms fraction to the hydrocracking step for improvements in distillate selectivity and denitrogenation without loss of catalyst activity while improving dewaxing of the unconverted bottoms fraction. The process typically operates at low to moderate hydrogen pressures up to 1500 psig (10445 kPa) with low hydrogen consumptions typically below 800 SCF/Bbl (142 n.l.l..sup.-1). Denitrogenation is notably high at 90 weight percent or higher.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins to yield a product which includes a large proportion of highly branced paraffins for making gasoline having improved octane is taught. The improved process comprises contacting isoparaffins and olefins with a composite catalyst comprising a Lewis acid and a non-zeolitic inorganic oxide in the presence of a controlled amount of water. The process results in reduced catalyst aging and obviates environmental problems associated with prior art processes.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalytic distillation utilizing Lewis acid promoted non-zeolitic inorganic oxide, large pore crystalline molecular sieve and/or ion exchange resin systems. Alkylation and oligomerization processes are adapted to this catalytic distillation technique.

Abstract: An improved process for alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins to yield a product which includes a high proportion of highly branched paraffins for making gasoline having improved octane is taught. The improved process comprises isomerizing the olefins and then contacting effluent and isoparaffins with a composite catalyst comprising a Lewis acid and a large pore zeolite and/or a non-zeolitic inorganic oxide. The beneficial effects of low temperature operation and the use of water in the process are also noted. The process results in reduced catalyst aging and obviates environmental problems associated with prior art processes.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon oils of high paraffin content are catalytically cracked using zeolite beta. The paraffin content of the oil is at least 20 weight percent or higher. The gasoline cracking products have a high octane rating and the higher boiling products a decreased pour point resulting from the dewaxing activity of the zeolite beta. The use of cracking temperatures above 500.degree. C., preferably above 550.degree. C., also improves iso-butene production.

Abstract: A process is provided wherein premium fuels are manufactured from a high sulfur, low pour point feed and a low sulfur, high pour point feed. The feeds are treated individually (blocked operation) in a catalytic reactor that desulfurizes or dewaxes the feed, depending on temperature, and the effluents are combined. Since cut point limitations due to sulfur or pour point are removed by the process, yield of a fuel (e.g. jet fuel) is materially enhanced.

Abstract: Heavy oils are simultaneously subjected to cracking and dewaxing in the absence of added hydrogen using a catalyst comprising Zeolite Beta and an X or Y or other faujasite zeolite. The process is able to effect a bulk conversion of the oil, while, at the same time, yielding a higher octane gasoline, increased yields of C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 olefins, and a low pour point distillate product.

Abstract: A process is described which improves the performance of cyclic dewaxing/regeneration processes using a catalyst comprising palladium and a zeolite having the structure of Zeolite Beta. The cyclic process includes regenerating the catalyst by oxidation alone or combinations of oxidation and reduction to substantially restore catalyst activity.

Abstract: An improved surge bin for a Lurgi-Ruhrgas process has baffles which promote uniform flow of feed material through the surge bin. Improved retorting of kerogen from oil shale is obtained. Stripping gas such as steam, is supplied to the surge bin. A separator has a large disengaging volume to remove entrained solid particles and improve the quality of the hydrocarbon product.