Abstract: An apparatus comprises parallel first and second exhaust gas passageways, a urea injection system, a hydrolysis catalyst, and an SCR catalyst. The urea injection system is configured to inject urea into the first exhaust gas passageway. The hydrolysis catalyst is positioned in the first exhaust gas passageway to generate ammonia at least partially from urea injected into the first exhaust gas passageway by the urea injection system. The SCR catalyst is positioned downstream to reduce NOx with the generated ammonia. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of operating an emission abatement system includes advancing a liquid agent to an atomizing nozzle and advancing pressurized air to the atomizing nozzle. The method further includes impinging the pressurized air on the liquid agent at a tip of the atomizing nozzle to shear liquid agent particles from the liquid agent. The method further includes advancing the liquid agent particles through the atomizing nozzle to an emission abatement device. An emission abatement system and atomizer apparatus are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas system for a motor vehicle includes at least one exhaust-gas cleaning system and at least one regeneration device for the exhaust-gas cleaning system, by means of which regeneration device an oxidizable fluid in vapor form can be introduced into the exhaust-gas stream ahead of the exhaust-gas cleaning system. The regeneration device includes a housing with a chamber formed in it as well as a heating element positioned in the chamber, the housing having on its upstream side an inflow opening for exhaust gases and on its downstream side an outlet opening and being arranged in the interior of the exhaust-gas stream.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises an emissions trap and a loading determination device. The emissions trap is configured to trap emissions present in exhaust gas and comprises a first local region and a second local region. The loading determination device is configured to determine emissions loading of the first local region and emissions loading of the second local region. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of operating an emission abatement system includes advancing a liquid agent to an atomizing nozzle and advancing pressurized air to the atomizing nozzle. The method further includes impinging the pressurized air on the liquid agent at a tip of the atomizing nozzle to shear liquid agent particles from the liquid agent. The method further includes advancing the liquid agent particles through the atomizing nozzle to an emission abatement device. An emission abatement system and atomizer apparatus are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises an emissions trap and a transfer function device. The transfer function device is configured to determine a transfer function of the emissions trap wherein the transfer function is representative of loading of the emissions trap. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises an exhaust system and an injection system. The injection system is configured to vaporize a first liquid portion of an agent into at least one bubble so as to inject a second liquid portion of the agent into the exhaust system by use of the at least one bubble for delivery of the agent to an emission abatement device of the exhaust system. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: A cobalt catalyst for use in the Fischer Tropsch reaction of synthesis gas to form hydrocarbons is activated or regenerated by treatment of a cobalt containing catalyst with a gas containing carbon monoxide, said gas containing less than 30% v hydrogen. The catalyst obtained has increased activity and greater selectivity towards producing C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Novel crystalline alumino silicates having the following composition in terms of the mole ratio of the oxides:0.9.+-.0.2 M.sub.2 n :Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :x SiO.sub.2 :yH.sub.2 Owherein M is at least one cation having a valence n, x is at least 10 and y/x is between 0 and 25, said aluminosilicates having a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. The cation M in the aluminosilicates is preferably selected from H.sup.+, ammonium, alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, organic nitrogencontaining cations, aluminum cations, gallium cations and mixtures thereof. The invention also comprises a process for producing the aluminosilicate by mixing together a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal(s), water and diethanolamine until a homogeneous gel is formed and crystallizing the mixture at a temperature above 70.degree. C. for a period of at least 2 hours.

Abstract: Process for production of synthesis gas in which a saturated hydrocarbon and an oxygen containing gas having a ratio of hydrocarbon to oxygen of greater than the stoichiometric ratio for complete combustion are introduced into a bed of particulate material. The bed comprises material which is catalytically active for partial oxidation and/or steam reforming reactions. The upward flow rate of the hydrocarbon/oxygen containing gas stream is sufficiently large to cause a spouting action of the bed material. The hydrocarbon and oxygen react together and the products of the reaction are withdrawn.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of improving catalytic activity of a zeolite by first steam treating the zeolite and then loading the zeolite so treated with a Group IIIb metal, especially gallium. It has been found that steam treatment prior to gallium loading gives a catalyst which has a higher conversion and selectivity of hydrocarbon feeds to aromatics than otherwise.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of dehydroisomerizing n-butane by contacting at elevated temperatures a feedstock containing n-butanes with a catalyst composition containing a gallium compound on a support. The process affords a valuable method of producing iso-butene which is a basic chemical feedstock for a number of products including polyisobutenes, methacrolein and methyl tertiary butyl ether, to name a few. The last named compound can be prepared by reacting isobutene with methanol and is a convenient means of separating iso-butene from the products of the dehydroisomerization stage.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method of preparing a zeolite composition in which some or all of the cations have been exchanged for gallium ions. The zeolite has a high silica to alumina ratio and is prepared by crystallization from an aqueous solution containing a mixture of a source of silica, a source of alumina, and at least two other components selected from the group of alkali metal ions, amonia and an organic nitrogen containing base. The improvement lies in washing the crystallized zeolite with acidified and/or deionized water, calcining the washed product at an elevated temperature, contacting the calcined product with an acid, refluxing the acid treated zeolite with a solution of a gallium compound to produce a gallium exchange zeolite and washing the gallium exchanged zeolite with water to render it substantially free from any impregnated gallium or gallium compound. The zeolite composition is useful as a catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion reactions.