Abstract: A sequence of polymer units in a polymer (3), eg. DNA, is estimated from at least one series of measurements related to the polymer, eg. ion current as a function of translocation through a nanopore (1), wherein the value of each measurement is dependent on a k-mer being a group of k polymer units (4). A probabilistic model, especially a hidden Markov model (HMM), is provided, comprising, for a set of possible k-mers: transition weightings representing the chances of transitions from origin k-mers to destination k-mers; and emission weightings in respect of each k-mer that represent the chances of observing given values of measurements for that k-mer. The series of measurements is analysed using an analytical technique, eg. Viterbi decoding, that refers to the model and estimates at least one estimated sequence of polymer units in the polymer based on the likelihood predicted by the model of the series of measurements being produced by sequences of polymer units.

Abstract: A routing cutter has a tool body carrying replaceable cutting inserts which include side inserts with cutting edges projecting radially from the periphery of the body and end inserts with cutting edges projecting forwards from the body. The cutting edges of the side inserts have inward extensions to define a cutting envelope that intersects or overlaps the cutting envelope of the end inserts. Each side insert is secured by clamping screws extending substantially radially into the tool body, rearwards of the insert cutting edge. This arrangement of the clamping screws allows the body to be formed with relatively shallow seating recesses for the side inserts with substantially tangential locating faces against which the inserts are clamped for precise radial location. Also, the side inserts can be relatively deep in the direction of rotation to improve support for cutting edge regions that project from the tool body.