Abstract: A voice encoder/decoder (vocoder) may provide receiving a voice sample and generating zero crossings of the voice sample in response to voice excitation in a first formant and creating a corresponding output signal. Additional operations may include dividing the output signal by two, and sampling the output signal at a predefined frequency such that a resulting combination uses half of a bit rate for an excitation and a remainder for short term spectrum analysis.

Abstract: A voice encoder/decoder (vocoder) may provide receiving a voice sample and generating zero crossings of the voice sample in response to voice excitation in a first formant and creating a corresponding output signal. Additional operations may include dividing the output signal by two, and sampling the output signal at a predefined frequency such that a resulting combination uses half of a bit rate for an excitation and a remainder for short term spectrum analysis.

Abstract: A voice encoder/decoder (vocoder) may provide receiving a voice sample and generating zero crossings of the voice sample in response to voice excitation in a first formant and creating a corresponding output signal. Additional operations may include dividing the output signal by two, and sampling the output signal at a predefined frequency such that a resulting combination uses half of a bit rate for an excitation and a remainder for short term spectrum analysis.

Abstract: An implementation of the present invention comprises a voice encoder and decoder method and system that uses voice excitation, eliminating the voice/unvoiced pitch tracking, and the first formant up to 2400 Hertz for synchronous and up to 1600 Hertz for asynchronous, does not use pulse code modulation encoding, but uses the zero crossings only of the first formant, frequency dividing by two and sampling at the formant frequency. The resulting combination uses half or less of the bit rate for excitation and the remainder for short-term spectrum analysis. The spectrum could be updated each 20 milliseconds using 49 bits for the spectrum frame and 49 bits for excitation and one frame bit for synchronous Asynchronous operation could be update at 21.25 milliseconds using 49 bits for the spectrum information and 34 bits for excitation with one bit for frame synchronization.

Abstract: An implementation of the present invention comprises a voice encoder and decoder method and system that uses voice excitation, eliminating the voice/unvoiced pitch tracking, and the first formant up to 2400 Hertz for synchronous and up to 1600 Hertz for asynchronous, does not use pulse code modulation encoding, but uses the zero crossings only of the first formant, frequency dividing by two and sampling at the formant frequency. The resulting combination uses half or less of the bit rate for excitation and the remainder for short-term spectrum analysis. The spectrum could be updated each 20 milliseconds using 49 bits for the spectrum frame and 49 bits for excitation and one frame bit for synchronous Asynchronous operation could be update at 21.25 milliseconds using 49 bits for the spectrum information and 34 bits for excitation with one bit for frame synchronization.

Abstract: An implementation of the present invention for 4800 bits per second comprises a voice encoder and decoder method and system that uses voice excitation, eliminating the voice/unvoiced pitch tracking, and the first formant up to 2400 Hertz, does not use pulse code modulation encoding, but uses the zero crossings only of the first formant, dividing by two and sampling at 2400 Hertz. The resulting combination uses half of the bit rate for excitation and the remainder for short term spectrum analysis. The spectrum is updated each 20.8 milliseconds using 50 bits per frame. The decoder extracts the excitation, multiplies it by two and uses a Hanning modified sawtooth and spectral flattening to excite the spectrum generator. This waveform produces both even and odd harmonics for both periodic (voiced) and aperiodic (unvoiced) frequencies and gives naturalness to all languages and speakers.

Abstract: An implementation of the present invention comprises a voice encoder and decoder method and system that uses voice excitation, eliminating the voice/unvoiced pitch tracking, and the first formant up to 2400 Hertz, does not use pulse code modulation encoding, but uses the zero crossings only of the first formant, dividing by two and sampling at 2400 Hertz. The resulting combination uses half of the bit rate for excitation and the remainder for short term spectrum analysis. The spectrum is updated each 20 milliseconds using 48 bits per frame. The decoder extracts the excitation, multiplies it by two and uses a Hanning modified sawtooth and spectral flattening to excite the spectrum generator. This waveform produces both even and odd harmonics for both periodic (voiced) and aperiodic (unvoiced) frequencies and gives naturalness to all languages and speakers.

Abstract: An improved insulation is provided for furnace members, particularly verticals, cross supports and skid pipes in slab reheating furnaces. The insulation includes a metal spring-clip having outward projections on which refractory tiles are formed. An intermediate layer is provided between the outer surface of the clip and the tiles so as to reduce friction and prevent cohesion between the clip and tiles. Thus, when the clip is spread for installation on the pipes, the tiles will not break.