Abstract: Systems and methods for determining pulse arrival time utilizing sensors coupled to mobile electronic devices are described. A system embodiment includes, but is not limited to, a sensor configured to provide electrocardiogram (ECG) data; an optical sensor configured to provide optical data; and a controller configured to access each of the ECG data and the optical data, the controller configured to: isolate and normalize R-wave information from the ECG data, isolate information associated with the cardiac rhythm from the isolated and normalized R-wave information to provide pulse waves, determine temporal characteristics of the pulse waves, convert and normalize the optical data in a wavelet time-frequency plane, and calculate pulse arrival time utilizing each of the temporal characteristics of the pulse waves and the converted and normalized optical data.

Abstract: A method for creating 3D structures using two-photon direct writing includes mixing a resin having a monomer structure with a solvent to create a resin-solvent mixture. A chromophore initiator is added to the resin-solvent mixture to create a second mixture, where the chromophore initiator is comprised of a first constitutional unit derived from a compound having the formula Two-photon lithography is applied to the second mixture to produce a 3D structure.