Abstract: A system includes a sample chamber, an aperture plate defining an aperture having an aperture axis aligned with a sample location within the sample chamber. The system further includes a first laser source to produce a cloud of material from a sample and a second laser source configured to produce ionized material from the cloud of material. The system also includes an ion extractor assembly defining an ion extraction path and a mass spectrometer in communication with the ion extractor assembly. The ion extractor assembly is switchable between a rejection state in which the ion extractor assembly generates a rejection field to direct ions of the cloud of material away from the ion extractor inlet, and an acceptance state in which the ion extractor assembly generates an acceptance field to direct ionized material produced by the second beam along the ion extraction path.

Abstract: Dialysis systems and methods are described which can include a number of features. The dialysis systems described can be to provide dialysis therapy to a patient in the comfort of their own home. The dialysis system can be configured to prepare purified water from a tap water source in real-time that is used for creating a dialysate solution. The dialysis systems described also include features that make it easy for a patient to self-administer therapy.