Abstract: Clostridium sp. are an obligate anaerobic bacterium that produces butyric acid as its major end-product. Previously, we have developed an integrated process that couples fermentation of biomass sugars, with in situ product recovery and distillation. This process works best at pH's lower than 7.0. The process serves to extract carboxylic acids during fermentation which enables reduced base-loading and reduced end-product toxicity. Disclosed herein are methods and non-naturally Clostridium sp. that are capable of increased production of butyric acid and increased growth at low pH conditions (e.g., pH<5.0).

Abstract: Methods and systems for accurately determining and delivering the appropriate ingredients, in appropriate quantities, of a particular substance are disclosed. In some instances, a controller of a fluid delivery device opens a valve for an appropriate amount of time to deliver an appropriate amount of fluid. In some instances, the appropriate amount of time is communicated to the controller by an external user device (e.g., a smartphone or a tablet).

Abstract: A device for immobilizing adjacent spinous processes can comprise a first element, a second element, and a spacer element. The first element can have a side configured to grip first sides of the adjacent spinous processes and a first separation bar that extends between the adjacent spinous processes when the first element and the spinous processes are engaged. The spacer element can have an adjustment bar and a second separation bar. The second element can have a side configured to grip second sides of the adjacent spinous processes and a clamping feature configured to selectably lock the first separation bar and the adjustment bar in place. The second separation bar can extend between the adjacent spinous processes when the second element and the adjacent spinous processes are engaged.

Abstract: A device for immobilizing adjacent spinous processes can comprise a first element, a second element, and a spacer element. The first element can have a side configured to grip first sides of the adjacent spinous processes and a first separation bar that extends between the adjacent spinous processes when the first element and the spinous processes are engaged. The spacer element can have an adjustment bar and a second separation bar. The second element can have a side configured to grip second sides of the adjacent spinous processes and a clamping feature configured to selectably lock the first separation bar and the adjustment bar in place. The second separation bar can extend between the adjacent spinous processes when the second element and the adjacent spinous processes are engaged.