Abstract: A microwave system has a solid-state generator which generates microwave energy and includes at least one control input for receiving a control signal to vary electrically a parameter of the microwave energy. A microwave load receives the microwave energy and produces an effect in response to the microwave energy. A microwave conducting element couples the microwave energy to the microwave load. An impedance match adjusting device is coupled to the microwave conducting element to vary at least one of the parameters of the microwave energy. The effect produced in response to the microwave energy is altered by both electrical variation of the parameter of the microwave energy via the control signal and adjustment of the impedance match adjusting device to vary the parameter of the microwave energy.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the health of a plasma system by igniting a plasma within a plasma confining volume generate an ignition signal with an ignition circuit and apply the ignition signal between a biased region and a grounded region in the vicinity of the plasma confining volume. A parameter in the ignition circuit is sensed, and the sensed parameter is compared to a first parameter threshold. A condition associated with the plasma confining volume is determined if the sensed parameter differs from the first voltage threshold, and a corrective action can be taken.

Abstract: A microwave system has a solid-state generator which generates microwave energy and includes at least one control input for receiving a control signal to vary electrically a parameter of the microwave energy. A microwave load receives the microwave energy and produces an effect in response to the microwave energy. A microwave conducting element couples the microwave energy to the microwave load. An impedance match adjusting device is coupled to the microwave conducting element to vary at least one of the parameters of the microwave energy. The effect produced in response to the microwave energy is altered by both electrical variation of the parameter of the microwave energy via the control signal and adjustment of the impedance match adjusting device to vary the parameter of the microwave energy.

Abstract: A microwave system has a solid-state generator which generates microwave energy and includes at least one control input for receiving a control signal to vary electrically a parameter of the microwave energy. A microwave load receives the microwave energy and produces an effect in response to the microwave energy. A microwave conducting element couples the microwave energy to the microwave load. An impedance match adjusting device is coupled to the microwave conducting element to vary at least one of the parameters of the microwave energy. The effect produced in response to the microwave energy is altered by both electrical variation of the parameter of the microwave energy via the control signal and adjustment of the impedance match adjusting device to vary the parameter of the microwave energy.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the health of a plasma system by igniting a plasma within a plasma confining volume generate an ignition signal with an ignition circuit and apply the ignition signal between a biased region and a grounded region in the vicinity of the plasma confining volume. A parameter in the ignition circuit is sensed, and the sensed parameter is compared to a first parameter threshold. A condition associated with the plasma confining volume is determined if the sensed parameter differs from the first voltage threshold, and a corrective action can be taken.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the health of a plasma system by igniting a plasma within a plasma confining volume generate an ignition signal with an ignition circuit and apply the ignition signal between a biased region and a grounded region in the vicinity of the plasma confining volume. A parameter in the ignition circuit is sensed, and the sensed parameter is compared to a first parameter threshold. A condition associated with the plasma confining volume is determined if the sensed parameter differs from the first voltage threshold, and a corrective action can be taken.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the health of a plasma system by igniting a plasma within a plasma confining volume generate an ignition signal with an ignition circuit and apply the ignition signal between a biased region and a grounded region in the vicinity of the plasma confining volume. A parameter in the ignition circuit is sensed, and the sensed parameter is compared to a first parameter threshold. A condition associated with the plasma confining volume is determined if the sensed parameter differs from the first voltage threshold, and a corrective action can be taken.

Abstract: A microwave system has a solid-state generator which generates microwave energy and includes at least one control input for receiving a control signal to vary electrically a parameter of the microwave energy. A microwave load receives the microwave energy and produces an effect in response to the microwave energy. A microwave conducting element couples the microwave energy to the microwave load. An impedance match adjusting device is coupled to the microwave conducting element to vary at least one of the parameters of the microwave energy. The effect produced in response to the microwave energy is altered by both electrical variation of the parameter of the microwave energy via the control signal and adjustment of the impedance match adjusting device to vary the parameter of the microwave energy.

Abstract: In one aspect, methods of nanopore formation in solid state membranes are described herein, In some embodiments, a method of forming an aperture comprises providing at least one solid state membrane in a chamber, selecting a first dose of ions sufficient to provide a first aperture of predetermined diameter through the membrane and exposing a surface of the membrane at a first location to the first dose of ions in a focused ion beam having a focal point of diameter less than or equal to about 1 nm to remove material from the membrane at the first location thereby providing the first aperture having the predetermined diameter or substantially the predetermined diameter.

Abstract: A dual beam system includes an ion beam system and a scanning electron microscope with a magnetic objective lens. The ion beam system is adapted to operate optimally in the presence of the magnetic field from the SEM objective lens, so that the objective lens is not turned off during operation of the ion beam. An optional secondary particle detector and an optional charge neutralization flood gun are adapted to operate in the presence of the magnetic field. The magnetic objective lens is designed to have a constant heat signature, regardless of the strength of magnetic field being produced, so that the system does not need time to stabilize when the magnetic field is changed.

Abstract: An improved simulator for an analytical instrument that provides the student with an experience similar to that of operating the actual instrument. In one preferred embodiment, the invention combines real functionality and simulated functionality where at least one function of the analytical instrument is real. In another preferred embodiment, the invention combines a functional first instrument along with a simulation of a second instrument, the simulation including both hardware with limited functionality and software that simulates the output of a functional instrument to create a teaching aid for use in classrooms and teaching laboratories.

Abstract: A dual beam system includes an ion beam system and a scanning electron microscope with a magnetic objective lens. The ion beam system is adapted to operate optimally in the presence of the magnetic field from the SEM objective lens, so that the objective lens is not turned off during operation of the ion beam. An optional secondary particle detector and an optional charge neutralization flood gun are adapted to operate in the presence of the magnetic field. The magnetic objective lens is designed to have a constant heat signature, regardless of the strength of magnetic field being produced, so that the system does not need time to stabilize when the magnetic field is changed.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a magnetic lens is provided that can generate a substantially constant amount of average heat power over a pre-selected range of resultant magnetic field strengths. The lens is configured to do this with multiple, asymmetric (different turns) coil sections that can produce a desired range of field strengths, and at the same time, maintain a sufficiently constant temperature signature when the average total power is maintained constant thereby eliminating unreasonable delays in lens operation when the resultant field strength is changed. The asymmetric lens structure allows for the smaller coil to be made with less relative inductance thereby making it more responsive and amendable for an AC drive signal and thus dynamic focusing applications if desired.