Abstract: The application relates to a robot machining system and control method for ultrasonic surface rolling process of an aircraft engine blade. The robot machining system includes: a robot, to which an ultrasonic surface rolling process device is fixed, the robot drives the ultrasonic surface rolling process device to move; a base provided with a spindle turntable and a three-dimensional mobile lifting device, the spindle turntable being provided with a rotatable blade clamp, and a flexible follow-up support head being fixed to the three-dimensional mobile lifting device; and a control system, which is in electrical connection or communication connection with the robot, the spindle turntable and the three-dimensional mobile lifting device, respectively.