Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one leveling agent comprising a linear or branched, polymeric imidazolium compound comprising the structural unit of formula L1 (L1) wherein R1, R2, R3 are each independently selected from an H atom and an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R4 is a divalent, trivalent or mutlivalent organic radical which does not comprise a hydroxyl group in the a or ? position relative to the nitrogen atom of the imidazole rings is an integer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive, as a wax antisettling additive (WASA) or as an additive for reducing internal diesel injector deposits (IDID); to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one polyaminoamide, said polyaminoamide comprising amide and amine functional groups in the polymeric backbone and aromatic moieties attached to or located within said polymeric backbone.

Abstract: A composition comprising at least one source of metal ions and at least one additive obtainable by reacting a polyhydric alcohol comprising at least 5 hydroxyl functional groups with at least a first alkylene oxide and a second alkylene oxide from a mixture of the first alkylene oxide and the second alkylene oxide or a third alkylene oxide, a second alkylene oxide, and a first alkylene oxide in aforesaid sequence, the third alkylene oxide having a longer alkyl chain than the second alkylene oxide and the second alkylene oxide having a longer alkyl chain than the first alkylene oxide.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one additive comprising at least one polyaminoamide represented by formula (I) or derivatives of a polyaminoamide of formula (I) obtainable by complete or partial protonation, N-quarternisation or acylation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive, as a wax antisettling additive (WASA) or as an additive for reducing internal diesel injector deposits (IDID); to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive, as a wax antisettling additive (WASA) or as an additive for reducing internal diesel injector deposits (IDID); to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one additive comprising at least one polyaminoamide, said polyaminoamide comprising the structural unit represented by formula I or derivatives of the polyaminoamide of formula I obtainable by complete or partial protonation, N-functionalization or N-quaternization with a non-aromatic reactant, wherein D6 is, for each repeating unit 1 to s independently, a divalent group selected from a saturated or unsaturated C1-C20 organic radical, D7 is, for each repeating unit 1 to s independently, a divalent group selected from straight chain or branched C2-C20 alkanediyl, which may optionally be interrupted by heteroatoms or divalent groups selected from O, S and NR10, R1 is, for each repeating unit 1 to s independently, selected from H, C1-C20 alkyl, and C1-C20 alkenyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl, or, together with R2, may form a divalent group D8, and R2 is, for each repeating unit 1 to s independently, sel

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive, as a wax antisettling additive (WASA) or as an additive for reducing internal diesel injector deposits (IDID); to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive; to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one leveling agent obtainable by condensing at least one trialkanolamine of the general formula N(R1—OH)3 (Ia) and/or at least one dialkanolamine of the general formula R2—N(R1—OH)2 (Ib) to give a polyalkanolamine(II), wherein the R1 radicals are each independently selected from a divalent, linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and the R2 radicals are each selected from hydrogen and linear or branched aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or derivatives obtainable by alkoxylation, substitution or alkoxylation and substitution of said polyalkanolamine(II).

Abstract: A quaternized copolymer obtainable by: (A) copolymerization of straight-chain, branched or cyclic, ethylenically unsaturated C2 to C100 hydrocarbons, which may bear oxygen- or nitrogen-functional substituents which cannot be reacted with amines to give amides or imides or with alcohols to give esters, with ethylenically unsaturated C3- to C12-mono- or dicarboxylic acids or acid derivatives, which can be reacted with amines to give amides or imides or with alcohols to give esters, to give a copolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 500 to 20 000; (B) partial or full amidation or imidation or esterification of the carboxylic acid functions by reacting them with oligoamines having 2 to 6 nitrogen atoms or alcoholamines, each of which comprises primary or secondary nitrogen atom or a hydroxyl group and a quaternizable tertiary nitrogen atom; (C) partial or full quaternization of the tertiary nitrogen atom with a quaternizing agent.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic solution and an aqueous acidic etching solution suitable for texturizing the surface of single crystal and polycrystal silicon substrates, hydrofluoric acid; nitric acid; and at least one anionic polyether, which is surface active; a method for texturizing the surface of single crystal and polycrystal silicon substrates comprising the step of (1) contacting at least one major surface of a substrate with the said aqueous acidic etching solution; (2) etching the at least one major surface of the substrate for a time and at a temperature sufficient to obtain a surface texturization consisting of recesses and protrusions; and (3) removing the at least one major surface of the substrate from the contact with the aqueous acidic etching solution; and a method for manufacturing photovoltaic cells and solar cells using the said solution and the said texturizing method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive, as a wax antisettling additive (WASA) or as an additive for reducing internal diesel injector deposits (IDID); to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these acid-free quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: Quaternized terpolymer formed from (A) ethylene, (B) C2-C14-alkenyl esters of one or more aliphatic C1-C20-monocarboxylic acids or C1-C24-alkyl esters of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid and (Cq) ethylenically unsaturated monomers which comprise at least one tertiary nitrogen atom which is partly or fully in quaternized form. The quaternized terpolymer is suitable as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits, for reducing fuel consumption and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one polyaminoamide, said polyaminoamide comprising amide and amine functional groups in the polymeric backbone and aromatic moieties attached to or located within said polymeric backbone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition comprising a source of metal ions, one or more suppressing agents and at least one additive comprising a linear or branched, polymeric biguanide compound comprising the structural unit of formula L1 or the corresponding salt thereof, wherein R1 is independently selected from H or an organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms; R2 is an divalent organic radical having 1-20 carbon atoms, optionally comprising 20 polymeric biguanide side branches; and n is an integer of 2 or more.

Abstract: The current invention relates to a method of making metal oxide nanoparticles comprising the reaction of—at least one metal oxide precursor (P) containing at least one metal (M) with—at least one monofunctional alcohol (A) wherein the hydroxy group is bound to a secondary, tertiary or alpha-unsaturated carbon atom—in the presence of at least one aliphatic compound (F) according to the formula Y1—R1—X—R2—Y2, wherein—R1 and R2 each are the same or different and independently selected from aliphatic groups with from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, —Y1 and Y2 each are the same or different and independently selected from OH, NH2 and SH, and —X is selected from the group consisting of chemical bond, —O—, —S—, —NR3—, and CR4R5, wherein R3, R4 and R5 each are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic group with from 1 to 20 carbon atoms which optionally carries functional groups selected from OH, NH2 and SH.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic solution and an aqueous acidic etching solution suitable for texturizing the surface of single crystal and polycrystal silicon substrates, hydrofluoric acid; nitric acid; and at least one anionic polyether, which is surface active; a method for texturizing the surface of single crystal and polycrystal silicon substrates comprising the step of (1) contacting at least one major surface of a substrate with the said aqueous acidic etching solution; (2) etching the at least one major surface of the substrate for a time and at a temperature sufficient to obtain a surface texturization consisting of recesses and protrusions; and (3) removing the at least one major surface of the substrate from the contact with the aqueous acidic etching solution; and a method for manufacturing photovoltaic cells and solar cells using the said solution and the said texturizing method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel quaternized nitrogen compounds, to the preparation thereof and to the use thereof as a fuel and lubricant additive, more particularly as a detergent additive; to additive packages which comprise these compounds; and to fuels and lubricants thus additized. The present invention further relates to the use of these quaternized nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, especially in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common-rail injection systems.