Abstract: The present disclosure describes an article and a method of forming a microstructure. The method includes providing a substrate having a structured surface region comprising one or more recessed features with recessed surfaces. The structured surface region is substantially free of plateaus. The method includes disposing a fluid composition comprising a functional material and a liquid onto the structured surface region. The method includes evaporating liquid from the fluid composition. The functional material collects on the recessed surfaces such that a remainder of the structured surface region is substantially free of the functional material.

Abstract: A method of forming a petterned substracte is provided. The method includes providing a substrate (300) having a structured surface region comprising one or more recessed features (310). The method includes disposing a first liquid (325) onto at least a portion of the structured surface region. The method includes contacting the first liquid with a second liquid (330). The method includes 300 displacing the first liquid with the second liquid from at least a portion (315) of the structured surface region. The first liquid is selectively located in at least a portion of the one or more recessed features.

Abstract: A method of making encapsulated chromonic nanoparticles includes exposing crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles to an acid selected from the group consisting of carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, boric acid, sulfuric acid, and mixtures thereof in the presence of water to encapsulate the crosslinked nanoparticles in a shell comprising a complex comprising the chromonic material, the multivalent cations, and the acid anions.

Abstract: A method of making encapsulated chromonic nanoparticles includes exposing crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles to an acid selected from the group consisting of carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, boric acid, sulfuric acid, and mixtures thereof in the presence of water to encapsulate the crosslinked nanoparticles in a shell comprising a complex comprising the chromonic material, the multivalent cations, and the acid anions.

Abstract: A chromonic nanoparticle mixture prepared by combining (i) a continuous water-soluble polymer phase and (ii) a discontinuous chromonic phase comprising a chromonic material; and non-covalently crosslinking the resulting chromonic nanoparticles with a polyvalent cation salt.

Abstract: A method of making a multilayered chromonic structure comprises (a) preparing a first aqueous mixture comprising (i) a first continuous water-soluble polymer phase and (ii) a first discontinuous chromonic phase comprising a chromonic material, to form chromonic nanoparticles; (b) non-covalently crosslinking the resulting chromonic nanoparticles with a multivalent cation salt; (c) dispersing the resulting crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles in a composition comprising a chromonic material to form a chromonic nanoparticle dispersion; and (d) preparing a second aqueous mixture comprising (i) a second discontinuous chromonic phase comprising the chromonic nanoparticle dispersion and (ii) a second continuous water-soluble polymer phase, to encapsulate the chromonic nanoparticles; wherein at least one of the first discontinuous chromonic phase and the second discontinuous chromonic phase further comprises a guest compound.

Abstract: A chromonic nanoparticle mixture prepared by combining (i) a continuous water-soluble polymer phase and (ii) a discontinuous chromonic phase comprising a chromonic material; and non-covalently crosslinking the resulting chromonic nanoparticles with a polyvalent cation salt.

Abstract: A method of making a multilayered chromonic structure comprises (a) preparing a first aqueous mixture comprising (i) a first continuous water-soluble polymer phase and (ii) a first discontinuous chromonic phase comprising a chromonic material, to form chromonic nanoparticles;(b) non-covalently crosslinking the resulting chromonic nanoparticles with a multivalent cation salt; (c) dispersing the resulting crosslinked chromonic nanoparticles in a composition comprising a chromonic material to form a chromonic nanoparticle dispersion; and (d) preparing a second aqueous mixture comprising (i) a second discontinuous chromonic phase comprising the chromonic nanoparticle dispersion and (ii) a second continuous water-soluble polymer phase, to encapsulate the chromonic nanoparticles; wherein at least one of the first discontinuous chromonic phase and the second discontinuous chromonic phase further comprises a guest compound.

Abstract: This process results in directed electroless plating of the metal to form discrete metal structures over the entire surface. Because the surface is pre-patterned with passivated regions inert to metal deposition, the metal is directed only to the unstamped regions. This allows the formation of unconnected metal structures without any chemical etching steps. These metallic arrays are varied in size, separation and shape by using gratings of different periodicities and blaze angles as the stamp templates. A variety of well-defined geometric patterns have been fabricated and imaged using scanning probe, scanning electron, and optical microscopies.

Abstract: This process results in directed electroless plating of the metal to form discrete metal structures over the entire surface. Because the surface is pre-patterned with passivated regions inert to metal deposition, the metal is directed only to the unstamped regions. This allows the formation of unconnected metal structures without any chemical etching steps. These metallic arrays are varied in size, separation and shape by using gratings of different periodicities and blaze angles as the stamp templates. A variety of well-defined geometric patterns have been fabricated and imaged using scanning probe, scanning electron, and optical microscopies.